Sports parks of the world. Children's sports grounds - outdoor equipment
Germany. Munich Olympic Complex (300 hectares). The center of the planning composition is the central arena and the theater, while two zones are clearly distinguished: the sports zone and the Olympic Village zone. It is an outstanding example of the use of reclaimed territory and its merging with old parks (English Garden, Nymphenburg Castle Park). The area previously included an airfield where the Olympic Village was planned. The site of the former city dump has been transformed into picturesque landscapes with green hills with pine trees, oaks, a chaos of granite blocks, waterfalls, streams, a pond, a canal. The center of the composition is Olympic Square with a stadium. The main alley (in some places up to 120 m wide) is covered with cable-stayed roofing. The main pedestrian roads on the territory of the complex are laid on raised embankments, all intersections with transport highways are resolved in different levels. External transport is represented by the metro, high-speed railway, etc.
Russia. The Olympic complex of the Moscow Olympics consisted of several territories. The main part of the competitions, the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympics-80 took place in the main sports complex in Luzhniki (area 180 hectares), located in a bend of the river. Moscow (structures: large and small arenas, Sports Palace, swimming pool, sports universal hall "Friendship"). The core of the sports park complex is sports arena for 103 thousand spectators, to which the shortest roads lead from parking lots and transport stops (metro, trolleybus, bus). From the embankment of the park there is a view of the river, Sparrow Hills, and the city. Other facilities of the complex are located on Mira Avenue (area 20 hectares with universal indoor hall for 35 thousand people), in Krylatskoye (750 hectares with a rowing canal and a bicycle track), in the Bitsevsky forest area (horse riding sports complex), in Mytishchi (bullet and skeet shooting.
System of hydroparks to the General Plan of Moscow. It was planned in the western region of the capital on the Moscow River: Myakininskaya zone (reservoir area 100 hectares), Stroginskaya zone (reservoir area 120 hectares), Krylatskoye. The hydropark is located 12 km from the city center, area 750 hectares, designed to serve 100 thousand people in summer, 60 thousand people in winter. The center of the composition is a rowing canal, created artificially and filled by gravity due to the difference in water levels between the canal and the river. The canal is 2300 m long, more than 200 m wide (channels are 125 and 75 m), and is divided in the middle by a narrow strip of island. The canal has a cycle track and a 14 km long ring road. The compositional basis of the hydropark is the water system (canals, streams, streams, river delta, lake, etc.). The center of the hydropark composition forms a complex of structures, less often - a stadium, a central reservoir, sometimes a multifunctional composition is created with a center on each of the islands - a sports zone with a stadium, in Krylatskoye - a rowing canal.
Specialized parks
Park of the Youth Palace (Palace of Pioneers). Created in Moscow in 1962 according to the design of architects I. Pokrovsky, F. Novikov, V. Egerev, V. Kubasov and others. The park was created for educational, cultural, educational, physical culture and sports work, i.e. it meets range of circle work. The center of the park composition is the building of the Youth Palace with a parade area, a bonfire area and steps of granite stands. The park territory is divided into three zones: the central zone with the entrance alley; zone active rest with a stadium and swimming pool, athletics arena and attractions; a zone for young biologists with areas for decorative floriculture, vegetable crops, greenhouses, an orchard, a zoo, and fish ponds. The architectural and planning composition of the park was designed taking into account the natural conditions of the landscape.
Disneyland Park was created in the state of Florida, USA, near Los Angeles based on the sketches of Walt Disney, according to the design of architects V. Schell, H. Couser in 1956-1960. The area of the park is 64 hectares, of which 23 hectares are occupied by buildings, 36.8 hectares are park spaces. The buffer zone contains parking lots with an area of 40 hectares. The center of the park’s composition is a complex imitating the urban development of America in the 19th century. on a reduced scale taking into account the growth of children - visitors to the park. The central alley divides the park into parts: the eastern part - the “Land of the Future” and the western part - the “Land of Adventure” with a system of ponds and artificial hills (267,400 m 3 of land was used to construct the hills). Children are greeted and shown around the park by Disney cartoon characters. The service staff numbers up to 19 thousand people. The annual attendance of the park is 12 million people. For the convenience of visitors, there is intra-park transport - railway, monorail, steamships and horse-drawn trams. Disneyland has a buffer area of 11,000 hectares of protected natural landscape.
Specialized, or monofunctional, parks include parks with a clearly defined one function - sports, children's, recreational, memorial and other areas. Specialized parks are being created in major cities. According to the landscape-genetic principle, they are classified, like multifunctional parks
Sports parks
Sports parks are types of parks where the primary role is given to physical education and sports, active recreation, and are intended for mass recreation, physical development and education modern man. Sports parks include Olympic complexes, ordinary sports parks - hydroparks, parks with small ponds or without them.
Sports parks can be:
Specialized, used for practicing one sport: for example, swimming, for activities of a certain age group that differ in functional purpose - training, demonstration, physical therapy;
Complex, multifunctional, designed for training and competition of athletes according to the most various types sports used for active recreation, recreational activities and sports entertainment for visitors.
Territory zoning sports park is largely determined by:
A clear schedule; separation of athletes and spectators relaxing in the park;
Loading and evacuation of demonstration, educational and training facilities and structures for active recreation;
Allocation of recreational areas to restore the physical and mental strength of athletes and park visitors.
Thoughtful organization health work and rest sports parks attracts masses of people different groups ages: alone, adults and children, engaged in sports sections, train, participate in competitions of city, union, and international significance; others, sports fans, watch them as spectators; older and retired people participate in health groups.
The massive attendance of sports parks and the activity of visitors have made it necessary to include lecture halls, stages, attractions, exhibitions, and playgrounds in recreation areas board games, children's playgrounds, reading rooms, as well as organizing public catering facilities - cafes, buffets, kiosks.
Currently, when designing sports parks, it is recommended to subdivide the following zones; sports, entertainment, quiet rest, service.
A sports zone may have a specific functional focus, for example, horse riding, or be divided into subzones (sectors): water sports; children's sports room, with a club for young sailors.
Olympic sports park - green area for international, sports competitions(competitions) with a regulated range of specialized sports facilities and devices that meet a high level of international requirements. Olympic parks are created at the Olympic complexes. When organizing Olympic complexes, complex urban planning problems are solved: the construction of sports facilities that are modern in architecture and design, Olympic Village, hotels, buildings for cultural services for athletes and tourists, the relationship of the complex with transport system and the prospects for the development of the city.
In terms of their organization, Olympic complexes can be united with an independent designated territory, for example, the sports complexes of Mexico City or Munich, and consisting of several territories - Rome or Moscow - in different areas of the city or even in different regions.
During the construction of Olympic complexes, old buildings and existing parks are often used, which, if necessary, are reconstructed during the work. Olympic complexes with stadiums for 80, 100 and more thousand spectators and other structures are areas of mass recreation, which require clarity and clarity of the plan with a dominant center (the center of the composition in Munich is the central arena and theater; in Montreal - Olympic Stadium) and functional zoning of the territory: for example, in Munich there are two zones: sports and Olympic village.
When zoning the territory of the Olympic complex, the following zones can be distinguished: sports - for main sports competitions; training, sports facilities, Olympic village, entertainment, services.
When zoning the territory of sports parks for sanitary reasons and to ensure the safety of participants and spectators, a significant removal of some sports is provided - motorboat, shooting, automobile, equestrian, etc.
The Olympic complex of the Moscow Olympics consisted of several territories, and sports facilities in Leningrad, Kiev, and Minsk were used to host football matches. The main part of the competition, the opening and closing ceremonies of the “Olympics-80” took place in the main sports complex in Luzhniki, an area of 180 hectares, located in a bend of the Moscow River; facilities: large and small arenas, Sports Palace, swimming pool, multi-purpose gym"Friendship". The core of the sports park complex is a sports arena for 103 thousand spectators, to which the shortest roads lead from parking lots and transport stops - metro, trolleybus. bus. From the embankment of the park there is a view of the river, Sparrow Hills, and the city. Other facilities of the complex are located on Mira Avenue - an area of 20 hectares with a universal indoor hall for 35 thousand people. in Krylatskoye - 750 hectares with a rowing canal and a bicycle track; in the Bitsevshy forest - an equestrian sports complex; in Mytishchi - bullet and clay pigeon shooting.
Characteristic of Olympic complexes are the large-scale design of structures - giant stadiums; unloading pre-stadium areas, clear construction of pedestrian and transport roads
Former Olympic complexes mostly continue to operate as ordinary sports parks.
Hydroparks occupy a special place among sports parks. Hydropark is an area with a high proportion of water area in the overall balance of park areas - over 25% of the territory is made up of reservoirs - intended for mass recreation of workers - for physical education and sports, cultural and educational events, entertainment, quiet rest. The large size of hydroparks allows you to create comfortable recreational conditions in a natural environment for all age groups. Thanks to beaches and sports facilities, a high recreational capacity is created. Hydroparks are most often created in cities experiencing a shortage of territory, on inconvenient, flooded lands.
The center of the hydropark composition forms a complex of structures; less often - a stadium, a central body of water, sometimes a multifunctional composition is created with a center on each of the islands. In hydroparks, where sports and recreational functions predominate, beaches, sports facilities, structures are created - bridges, boathouses, yacht clubs, harbors for sailing and motor vessels, boat stations; entertainment attractions - hydrocarousel, water jump, toboggans, water cascades; water theater venues and restaurants.
Depending on the nature of the territory, natural conditions, functional orientation, composition, the territory of the hydropark is divided into zones: sports, entertainment, cultural and educational, children's play, services.
The sports zone in parks occupies approximately 50...70% of the entire territory, and therefore, playgrounds, roads, and structures make up a significantly larger share in the balance of the territory than in other park facilities. In large sports parks over 100...200 hectares, it is recommended to allocate up to 50% of the territory for a quiet recreation area, which unites all zones of the park. A children's sector is being created in a quiet recreation area.
The core of a sports park is usually stadium , sometimes - a complex of buildings or a parterre composition; in Luzhniki - stadium.
Architectural and planning solutions for sports parks varied and built on the contrast of open and closed landscapes.
When placing stadiums with one-sided or horseshoe-shaped stands, the wide view of the landscape through the open space that opens from the stands is taken into account football field; training fields, just clearings, can be placed on the axis of the composition, in neighboring areas - the sea, lake, opposite bank of the river, fields, mountains.
For the most part, sports and demonstration zones are solved by regular receptions, and the quiet recreation zone is landscaped. Free, landscape-shaped glades, smooth lines of roads and alleys create a favorable environment for relaxation, in contrast to the intense rhythm of the composition of the sports grounds and the most active activity of the participants - training, competition - in the sports area.
According to the requirements, sports devices are oriented with their wide side from north to south; Small deflection angles are acceptable
Landscaping is subject to requirements in terms of wind protection, noise protection and should not obscure the playing space, while creating a calm background for playing ball.
Children's parks
Children's parks are designed and created in accordance with the needs of the city or region, taking into account the size and natural characteristics of the allocated territory, the required range of structures and devices. The organization of children's parks is characterized by the use of favorable natural environmental factors that promote active recreation and the physical and mental development of children.
Children's parks are divided into city-wide and regional.
The citywide children's park is a green area with favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions, with an area of at least 8 hectares. It is desirable to have bodies of water and relief on the territory that contribute to the creation of a picturesque landscape. The park should have convenient transport links with all areas of the city.
Regional children's parks with a service radius of up to 1 km are being created in large cities. Their sizes range from 4 to 8 hectares. Zoning of the park is carried out according to the sections of educational and recreational work:
Cultural and educational zone - fire pit for pioneer groups, theater, circus, lecture hall, museum, reading room;
Physical education - stadium, sports grounds, swimming pool;
Entertainment, games and attractions;
Services include buffets, cafes and kiosks with food, water, books, pay phones;
toilets - one toilet per 1-3 hectares of territory.
The cultural and educational zone is decided on an independent territory or is divided into objects. In a number of projects it is treated as central. When placing a circus or theater that attracts many visitors, an unloading area and its connection to the main entrance are provided.
When creating a park children's club(Youth Palace) areas for youth students and young technicians are being developed.
For the station of young naturalists, premises with an area of 200 to 400 m2 are required: a greenhouse, greenhouses, a meteorological station, areas for field cultivation, vegetable gardening, horticulture, floriculture, industrial crops, medicinal herbs, and tree species.
For the station of young technicians, premises with an area of 200 to 500 m are provided, where workshops (offices) are located: electrical engineering, aircraft modeling, radio design, carpentry, plumbing, planetarium, exhibition pavilion, etc. physical education. Sports facilities planned for the park include:
Stadium with stands for spectators
Volleyball courts - three courts measuring 14 * 23 m;
Basketball courts - two courts of 20 * 30 m each;
Tennis courts- two platforms of 20*40 m each;
Sites for towns - 10*30m;
Outdoor games - 2-3, 20*30m each
Solarium - lawn for sunbathing;
Aerarium - for air baths in the shade of trees, awnings or umbrellas;
Outdoor pool (summer) for swimming,
Jumping pool,
In the sports area there are pavilions for training, wardrobes, showers, bicycle rental, ski and skate rental.
Entertainment area. It attracts all park visitors. This area includes a main facility for shared use by all age groups and dedicated facilities for each age group of children. It is recommended to place play complexes for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren in separate areas near the main entrance.
In modern children's parks, play complexes for children under 14 years of age can be both multifunctional and specialized.
Multifunctional complexes are characterized by a combination of gaming and educational elements, taken in certain proportions in each case - a physical education playground, a splashing pool, attractions, a stage, a board games area, a zoo corner and a puppet theater.
In children's parks, specialized complexes such as water playgrounds and playgrounds are becoming widespread. sports games transport games, adventure playgrounds.
Water areas include simple and figured showers, sprinklers, channels for launching boats, swimming pools, and trick fountains.
This type of construction playground includes the most common sand playgrounds, which are a constant success among children of all age groups - from one year to 10 years and older. For a variety of games with sand, tables, benches, houses, decorative walls with shelves, and molds for sand products are provided.
Playgrounds for transport games are especially useful when teaching children the rules of the street. Pedal cars, bicycles, and scooters are intended for riding.
The section of transport games includes such sections as a children's railway or cable car, which are routed taking into account the convenience of park visitors and are operated by children;
Adventure game complexes are conceived as an improvisation of the environment - a trip to the jungle, desert, sea, space or a more specific theme - a space playground, playing Indians, protecting fortifications, a fantasy country of the past with fabulous monsters, a country of dinosaurs, labyrinths, etc.
The architectural and planning solutions for play complexes are developing in two stylistic directions: 1) the use of geometrically correct planning forms; 2) use of standard parts
equipment and free picturesque planning forms with simple and complex structures made of wood, natural stone, monolithic concrete.
Play equipment for children should be bright, interesting, expressive and of high aesthetic quality. When designing equipment, a “children's” scale is adopted, stimulating the imagination of children. When designing play complexes, it is very important to rationally place play volumes, avoiding chaos and cluttering of play areas, as well as trees, shrubs and flower beds.
When creating children's parks, it is necessary to create a perimeter protective strip from dust and noise, at least 10 m wide. The park territory should not be crossed by transit roads. It is advisable to design a limited number of inputs. Zones and their individual objects serving a large number of visitors - stadium, exhibition, attractions - should be located closer to the entrance. In cases where the park is surrounded by residential areas, has a large territory, or in order to avoid the accumulation of children in one place, sectors (objects) are duplicated.
The assortment of plants is selected taking into account the age and interests of children, and in order to familiarize themselves with local plants and the diverse flora of Russia, areas with ornamental, fruit and berry, technical and medicinal plants are created. Poisonous and thorny plants are excluded from the range.
The road network of the children's park consists of a main entrance alley (or 2-3 additional) 6-8 m wide circular route covering all areas of the park
Exhibition parks
Exhibition parks are divided into: universal, specialized, thematic.
They can be placed on a separate territory and as an exhibition sector on the territory multifunctional parks, walking parks and sports.
Exhibitions can be stationary, permanent, regularly recurring; exhibitions are irregular, dedicated to events and significant dates. The functions of exhibition parks are to introduce the achievements of science and technology, industry, agriculture and forestry, culture and art. Purposes - trading, usually commercial; educational - scientific, technical, artistic, agricultural, etc.
According to the purpose and composition of exhibitors, exhibitions are classified into world, international, national, republican, regional, regional, city, district, etc.
World Exhibition Parks . Giant exhibitions are organized at certain intervals, like world exhibitions, international trade and industrial exhibitions and fairs - in Leipzig, Brno, Plovdiv, Zagreb, Damascus, Paris, Vienna, Tokyo, Milan, etc. Flower exhibitions are known: for example, the exhibition " Floriade" is held in Holland every 10 years on an area of hundreds of hectares.
The territory of the exhibition park is divided into the following zones:
Exposure area - park, entertainment 30...40%;
Administrative, 40...60%;
Economic, 2...3%;
Maintenance 12...20%.
The purpose of world exhibitions is to show the prospects for the development of society, to popularize the latest achievements in all spheres of human activity.
The latest achievements in the field of science and technology, in architecture and construction are reflected in the architectural and planning organization of world exhibitions.
When designing, great importance is attached to zoning the territory and determining the center of the entire composition.
For example, the center of the composition of the 1851 exhibition park in London was Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace. The 1889 exhibition in Paris, which was located on the banks of the Seine, was dominated by the Eiffel Tower.
The organization of the exhibition area is influenced by the surrounding buildings of the city, its transport routes, terrain, and reservoirs. The city's strong transport routes are developed in the composition of the exhibition park in the form of alleys, roads and squares, and in the design of entrances.
In some cases, natural conditions are the compositional basis of exhibition complexes.
When zoning an exhibition park, the central areas are allocated for the exhibition, and the peripheral areas - the park area, ponds - are used for recreation, children's games and attractions. Parking lots that occupy large areas are often designed outside the park.
Entertainment areas arouse great interest among exhibition visitors. Non-repetitive attraction projects provide for the widespread use of achievements modern science and technology, automation, electronics, radio, television, pneumatics, hydraulics, aerodynamics, film technology, synthetic art.
Exhibition parks in certain areas are multifunctional. In addition to the leading exhibition area, educational facilities are introduced for visitors to have a good rest - lecture halls, museums; entertainment, sports areas, entertainment areas - attractions, dance halls; children's areas.
The International Floriculture Exhibition in 1969 in Paris, designed by architect D. Colin, occupied an area of 30 hectares. The center of the composition is a pond, 0.5 hectares, with floral decoration. On part of the territory, an artificial relief with hills and terraces has been created, with a landscape layout, where pavilions of a number of countries are located - the “Blossoming Valley” exposition. There is also a water garden, a sculpture garden and a children's recreation area.
An example of selective display of techniques is the areas near the landscaping pavilions at VDNKh (VVC). Some techniques of gardening art are demonstrated on the territory; techniques typical for Russian cities. An example of the multiplicity of display of small exhibits is the rose garden designed by Professor L.S. Zalesskaya in the 60s of the 20th century on the territory of VDNKh (VVC). Here varieties of roses were shown, framed by “circles” of marble curbs. In 1960-70, a flower exhibition was held on Senate Square in St. Petersburg.
The organization of exhibition areas using the techniques of park art, floriculture, and sculpture is solved traditionally for exhibition complexes: a system of entrances is provided in accordance with the surrounding urban development and public transport; functional zoning of the territory is carried out - exposition, entertainment and maintenance; the routing of alleys and roads connecting zones and excursion areas is decided routes, - routes review. If necessary, large parks create sites for gathering excursions and recreation. At the same time, the main tasks are to organize the movement of visitors to ensure the completeness of the exhibition; architectural and planning construction of the exhibition, creating an optimal environment for the perception of exhibits, taking into account the peculiarities of the exhibition theme - plants, sculptures, etc.; the nature of the exhibited objects.
Exhibitions of techniques of gardening art and floral design require large areas, separated by scenes of plantings (or volumes of relief, structures). If the territory is limited, they are exhibited selectively, 1-3 times, and if multiple displays are necessary, modular compositions of small exhibition areas, ridges and other exhibits are built. The principle of forming a “garden in a garden” is one of the methods of composition of exhibition parks, which also includes the formation of the exposition of a botanical garden; Rocky gardens, dahlias, rose gardens, and areas of regular park art practices are introduced into the outline of the park - independent exhibitions of a park or botanical garden.
At exhibitions of landscape gardening art, structures and pavilions occupy a small percentage of the territory. They are often solved in the form of complexes of buildings of neutral, restrained architecture, and the main development is in the open air: international exhibitions of landscape art - Rotterdam, 1960; Vienna, 1964; exhibition of socialist countries in Erfurt, 1961; Dusseldorf, 1980; Hanover, 1999; "Floriade 2002" in Holland, etc.
Sculpture Gardens
The gardens and parks of Versailles, Russian masterpieces of landscape art - Petrodvorets, Arkhangelskoye, Summer Garden, where wonderful ensembles of nature and sculpture were created in the style of their time, are widely known. In the 20th century, unique open-air sculpture museums became widespread.
In the old regular parks, regulation of architecture prevailed. The techniques of monumental and decorative art are given a clearly defined place in the overall compositional system, and in modern sculpture parks and museums there is a tendency to develop the landscape direction.
Sculpture parks (gardens) juxtapose open space and freely arranged sculpture. Based on this principle, a famous outdoor sculpture collection was created in Antwerp - “Middel-hgym”, a sculpture park at the Kroller-Muller National Museum of Contemporary Art in Waterloo (Holland), interesting sculpture exhibitions in the gardens of Warsaw (Poland), Riga (Latvia) and Tallinn (Estonia).
The Milles Garden Museum of Sculpture in the Stockholm suburb of Lidingo is located on a small rocky area (1906-1910, architect K. Benttesson, sculptors K. Milles and E. Milles), has a sloping steep terrain, facing the fiord, behind which a silhouette looms cities. The garden is a series of sloping terraces with sparse pine trees. The beginning of the tour begins from the upper terrace, which is a small garden with open colonnades decorated with sculpture - small works early period, - in front of the house. Gradual increase the size of the terraces as they descend to the lower platform of the garden creates the necessary scale of space for the installation of large sculptural groups. The sculpture garden in Oslo (Norway), which was distinguished by a certain theme: this is human life from birth to death with all its complexities. In total, there are 58 sculptures in the garden. The garden is interesting in its composition. The memorial is designed in the form of a complex of stones: the central one, the largest, 13 tons, with 121 human figures carved, and around it there are 36 compositions on stone.
In Riga, the sculpture garden on the banks of the Daugava River is designed as a small enclosed space, framed by castle buildings and a stone fence, with an area of less than 1 hectare. The exhibition is a free arrangement of sculptures by Latvian artists on the lawn among the semi-open landscape of the garden - sparsely placed trees, deciduous shrubs.
The sculpture garden in Kadriorg (Tallinn, Estonia) is formed from small sculpture areas on the garden lawn.
For a better perception of each exhibited object, an appropriate background is required. A good backdrop is a lawn; a group of trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants; hedge, trellis, decorative wall made of natural stone, brick. Lighting and orientation to the cardinal points are favorable for the exhibited object. It is possible to provide for the creation of dividing scenes.
When designing, the texture of the material of the exhibit and the background and their mutual influence were used. Lawns and coniferous plant species are the most constant in color and texture, but they also change the color threshold from spring to late autumn, acquiring either cold or warm shades. Depending on the task at hand, a dark background is created from dense groups of deciduous and coniferous trees - fir, spruce, etc. - or a light background from loose groups of trees, plants with an openwork fine texture - birch, larch; light, silvery in tone - silver willow, silver spruce); background of flowering plants - apple tree, chestnut, lilac, rhododendron; Herbaceous plants include bulbous plants and perennials. Plants have a variety of leaf colors, which also change depending on the time of year, so the quality of perception changes and requires a special selection of plants, as well as a careful approach to choosing a place for the exhibit.
There is a tendency towards specialization of parks in large cities. All over the world, centers and historical residential areas, which usually have several small parks, are being actively reconstructed. The areas of these parks are not sufficient for the full development of all zones of multifunctional parks, in domestic terminology - cultural and recreation parks. Then one or two functions receive preferential development. Another important factor in the specialization of parks is the increasing demands of visitors for comfort, which is satisfied by specialized services.
The most common type of specialized park, especially abroad, is sports. In large cities, there is a special need for physical education and sports: people suffer from physical inactivity and experience high stress on their bodies. nervous system. Both require active recreation with certain physical activity, which is exactly what sports parks provide, in contrast to sports centers, intended mainly for training athletes and holding competitions.
Sports parks are divided into multifunctional, or universal, - for many sports, and specialized - for one or a group of related sports (for example, aquatic, equestrian, cycling, etc.).
Universal parks, called sports and recreation centers, are large urban or suburban (following the example of the famous German Riviera parks) complexes, which, in terms of the composition of their structures, have
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The number of spectator seats is close to sports centers (Fig. 10.5.4 -10.5.6). They differ from sports centers in the larger area of greenery and the main focus on mass physical education and recreational activities and active recreation.
Unique olympic parks are large sports complexes for olympic games. Such are the Olympic parks in Melbourne, Meiji and Kamazawa parks in Tokyo, parks in Mexico City, Munich and Montreal. After the Olympic Games, the problem of their use arises. A good example is a park in Munich. Even during its design, the principle of “short distances and green landscapes” was proposed. On the reclaimed territory of 140 hectares, artificial terrain was created to create intersections of pedestrian and transport routes at different levels. After the Olympic Games, this vast green area became a place for active recreation for the population of Munich both in summer and winter. In winter, artificial artificial hills turn into mountains for mass sledding and skiing.
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The size of sports parks can range from tens to hundreds of hectares. When placing them in the city, just as when placing sports complexes, conditions must be created for the evacuation of a large number of people and parking lots must be provided.
Specialized sports parks for a particular sport or group of related sports are intended to provide associated active recreation, as well as activities at a higher level than in other types of parks. Most common specialized parks- for water sports (Fig. 10.5.7). There are numerous centers abroad
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for swimming and bathing. Hydroparks are becoming increasingly common everywhere, including here. They require water areas, so their placement in the city is subject to precisely this condition.
The size of specialized sports parks can be very different: from hundreds of hectares (for example, the hydropark in Krylatskoye has a total area of about 700 hectares, Kharkov hydroparks from 60 to 150 hectares, etc.) to compact areas of several hectares, which are often used abroad Place swimming and bathing centers.
There may be specialized parks for other sports. The need for them is determined by the popularity of a particular sport in a given place, favorable natural conditions, etc. In different countries, especially in the UK, USA and Canada, golf courses or parks are common, which occupy large areas - from 50 to 100 hectares. There are well-known centers for roller skating and cycling parks, where the complex terrain of the areas is functionally used. Skateparks are popular for skateboarding.
Sports parks are not such mass facilities as multifunctional cultural and recreation parks; they are rather unique, especially large universal ones and, of course, specialized ones. Therefore, there cannot be recommendations on the composition of structures, and especially with quantitative indicators. They are designed according to special specifications, depending on local and natural conditions.
Among the structures of sports parks there are a wide variety - from large unique ones (indoor stadiums, swimming pools with an artificial wave, a waterfall) to simple grounds, lawns for sports and entertainment games. This is determined by the purpose of the park, the number of residents for which it is designed, its area and location in the city. The most common in all types of sports parks are swimming pools (Table 10.5.2, Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.7), the so-called leisure type (with irregularly shaped baths, with artificial waves, water slides).
Gyms are very common - universal, specialized, and multi-purpose, i.e. not only for sporting events, but also for shows, dances, etc.
Much less common than halls are skating rinks with artificial ice(Table 10.5.2, Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.6). Sometimes complex artificial skating rinks are built - indoor and outdoor. An example is the Ottobrunn sports park in Germany (Fig. 10.5.4).
The palette of planar structures is even richer - from sports cores to lawns, which have become an indispensable element of the park, where they play outdoor games, sunbathe, and have picnics.
Unlike sports centers in sports parks, especially abroad, among flat structures there are sites for entertaining sports games (mini-golf, botchi, croquet, skittles, etc.), grounds and tracks for roller skating and boarding; mountains for sledding, boarding, plates and skiing (Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.5). Golf courses are also found in foreign universal sports parks, but more often these are separate specialized park courses. And we have new sports for our country - baseball, softball, squash, golf. In 1988, the first specialized golf sports park in Russia was built in Moscow (Fig. 10.5.8), and several more are expected to be built.
Green spaces must make up at least 70% of the sports park area. The area occupied by structures, paths and alleys is much larger than that in other types of parks, since the sports facilities themselves require large areas, and paths and alleys must provide the possibility of evacuating a large number of people into the park.
kakh, where the attendance is massive and where there are structures with places for spectators.
In large sports parks with facilities for competitions, physical education and recreational activities and active recreation, it is advisable to designate zones: entertainment and demonstration, training, active recreation, administrative and economic.
Boulevards are linear green areas created along highways, residential streets and embankments, and pedestrian routes in residential areas. Boulevards are intended for pedestrian traffic, walks and short-term recreation of the population.
In urban planning practice, several types of boulevards have developed in the urban environment:
Boulevards along streets and highways, mainly of regional significance;
Boulevards along embankments along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, lakes, seas - seaside boulevards;
Boulevards in the form of rings, covering the central parts of historical cities and fortifications created on the site - ramparts.
According to their layout, boulevards can be divided into:
Boulevards with a regular layout and symmetrical placement of the main garden roads and alleys
Boulevards with asymmetric placement of the main alley;
Boulevards with a free layout, including elements of a regular and landscape layout
The length and width of the boulevard are determined depending on the class of the highway and street, its planning solution and the architecture of the adjacent buildings. All structures must be harmoniously combined with green spaces, as the main planning component of the territory.
Entrances to the boulevard should be provided along its long sides every 150...300 m. On regional highways and on streets with heavy traffic, entrances to the boulevard must be linked with pedestrian crossings and public transport stops. On the short side of the boulevard - the “head” - the main entrance is arranged in the form of a wide platform, where a fountain, a flower bed is designed, or a monument is erected.
Boulevards on highways with heavy traffic must be shifted from the axis of the highway, between the roadway and the sidewalk, for example, towards a shopping center or towards a residential area. On busy highways, it is possible to install two boulevard lanes relative to the axis of the street. This is due, first of all, to the accessibility of the boulevard area for pedestrians. Boulevards on residential streets can be located along the axis of the street.
In city centers, boulevards-esplanades are created, with a predominant parterre solution to reveal the architectural and artistic qualities of the development. The open type of spatial structure of plantings predominates.
The main planning elements of boulevards are: the main pedestrian path (planning axis), secondary and additional paths for short-term recreation, entrances in the form of wide paths or platforms. The width of the tracks is set depending
on the intensity of pedestrian traffic. It is recommended to place rest benches, fountains and pools at the entrances to the sites and along the main path. The main path of the boulevard must have durable structures, covered with tiles or crushed stone special mixtures. Secondary paths may have crushed stone coverings made from special mixtures.
When designing boulevards on streets and highways, it should be taken into account that plantings should play both a decorative and sanitary-hygienic, protective role. Along the perimeter of the boulevard strips on the side of the roadway, trees and shrubs are provided that are resistant to dust and gases.
When designing boulevards, the density (density) of plantings, as well as the age and size of planting material, are set individually, depending on the purpose of the boulevard and its location in the urban environment.
Boulevards on embankments. Boulevards of this type actively shape the environment and give it a unique character.
Boulevards along the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas, in many respects in their layout and purpose, resemble wide boulevards on streets in residential areas. However, their difference is that they are directly adjacent to the coastline of one of their sides and should visually combine riverine landscapes and the urban environment. Such “linear” gardens are also created on the banks of large bodies of water. Three main layout schemes for embankment-boulevards can be distinguished:
symmetrical, with a central alley;
asymmetrical - the planning axis is shifted towards the coastline;
free - on wide strips over 50 m.
Boulevards, or linear gardens, along embankments are not recommended to be combined with highway traffic. The coastline and strip along a river or lake (sea) must be used exclusively for recreation and walking. Entrances should be provided both on the long side, along the coastline, and on the short sides bordering the territory. Recreation areas are provided on the territory of the boulevard-embankment, from which perspectives on the water surface are revealed. Part of the layout of such a garden includes descents to the water in the form of stairs, as well as piers, parking lots, cafes, etc.
The volumetric-spatial structure of boulevard plantings on embankments is mainly of open and semi-open types. In conditions of excess solar radiation, it is necessary to provide closed spaces, especially in public recreation areas and along walking alleys.
The number of people involved in sports is growing every year.
A large number of sports facilities are built for training athletes and holding competitions: sports grounds in neighborhoods, at schools and other city facilities; sports complexes, including buildings and flat structures intended for everyday sports, as well as for holding competitions of city, national and international significance.
Large complexes of sports facilities are usually formed in the form of parks. Sometimes sports facilities are located in cultural and recreation parks. Thus, a stadium with 100 thousand seats was built in S. M. Kirov Park in Leningrad.
The basic principle of planning sports parks is to ensure the ability to quickly load and evacuate spectators. Particular attention is paid to the creation of alleys and recreation areas for athletes and visitors. It is also important to carry out a complex of engineering landscaping of the territory at a modern technical level.
Green spaces of the sports park, as experience shows, occupy at least 30-40% of the total area of the park. When selecting an assortment of plants and placing them in the park, they are guided by the following requirements. To create a certain monochromatic background around the courts, against which the ball will stand out quite sharply, it is advisable to use bushes and trees. In this case, it is necessary to avoid species with shiny leaves and place plants so that the shadow from their crowns does not fall on the site.
When landscaping sports facilities, it is undesirable to use plants that produce a large number of flying seeds, bear fruit abundantly and shed their leaves early, as they litter sports grounds, which can interfere with the sporting events. You should also not use thorny plants.
When designing sports parks Special attention pay attention to the use of water, not only for competitions, swimming, etc. (large reservoirs and rivers), but also for decorating the park. Decorative ponds, pools, fountains, cascades, streams, waterfalls, together with greenery, give the park a unique look.
Parking lots are located at the approaches according to the total norm for all sports facilities operating at the same time.
Sports facilities, physical education and sports grounds, located among greenery, organized physical education classes, competitions attract city residents to active recreation. Green spaces and exercise have been associated since ancient times. At first, the first simple sports facilities were built near green areas or directly in their clearings.
Somewhat later, the first workers appeared in Russia sports clubs. Already in 1923, the first large stadium was built in Moscow at the All-Russian Agricultural and Handicraft Exhibition. In the same year, a number of other stadiums came into operation in Moscow.
The first major sports facility of the post-war years was the reconstructed stadium named after. S. M. Kirov in Leningrad.
In 1954, the Science Stadium was built in Tbilisi. The authors of the project for this stadium sought to include the stadium territory in the layout of one of the best parks in the city, without disturbing its architectural and planning composition.
The examples given are characterized by the active inclusion of the natural landscape, and especially green spaces, in the architectural and planning solution of the territory of stadiums, which are essentially sports parks. In almost all cases, sports facilities are located directly in green areas. In cases where the area of sports facilities is located compactly in a separate area, it must still be adjacent to the park.
The 50s marked a new stage in the development of the practice of designing and building sports parks. At this time, stadiums are being built in Riga, Minsk, Khabarovsk, Moscow and other cities.
Sports complexes - sports parks of the 80s are being addressed in a new way. In Krasnoyarsk on the Yenisei, the construction of a large sports and recreational park on Otdykh Island is being completed.
Moscow has a number of high class sports facilities that were reconstructed in preparation for the Olympics. In addition, new specialized complexes were built taking into account the special
benefits various types sports, which made it possible to have sports centers, taking into account the highest international requirements in each planning area of the capital.
The main sports complex of the Olympics was the Central Stadium named after. V.I. Lenin in Luzhniki, built in 1956 and reconstructed in 1980 (156).
The territory of the stadium within the boundaries of the Moscow River and the Okrug railway has an area of 180 hectares, of which
more than 40 hectares are used to organize entrances, approaches, stops and parking for public and individual transport. It is located on a floodplain terrace with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. To prevent flooding during spring floods, the entire stadium area is raised by an average of 1.5 m.
On numerous sports grounds and in stadium halls you can train and hold competitions in more than 30 sports. The sports park houses about 150 sports facilities alone,
including the Big Sports Arena with stands for 103 thousand spectators, the Small Arena for 10 thousand, a swimming pool for 11 thousand, the Sports Palace for 14 thousand, a children's stadium for 3 thousand, a new universal sports hall for 4 thousand, indoor artificial skating rink "Crystal".
The master plan of the complex was significantly influenced by the existing layout of the area adjacent to Luzhniki, as well as the presence of a river and a railway, and the coincidence of the axis of symmetry of the main building of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov with the main axis of the peninsula. The complex is compositionally built on two mutually perpendicular axes; its dominant transverse axis is oriented towards the city and the Lenin Mountains (157). The core of the general plan is the Central Sports Arena, located at the intersection of the main alleys - the main axes of the complex, along which spectators from the metro station, stops and parking lots of ground transport get to the sports facilities.
Along the front alley on the embankment there is a recreation area. In total, more than 40 thousand trees aged from 5 to 50 years, 400 thousand shrubs, and more than 2 million flowers were planted on the territory of the stadium. Moreover, the trees were taken not only from nurseries, but from the forest, and among them were blue spruce, small-leaved linden, maple, white acacia, bird cherry, larch, chestnuts, etc. One hedge stretched for more than 30 km.
When carrying out landscaping, various techniques were used: in areas with a regular layout, near the main structures - row plantings, in the park recreation area - picturesquely located.
For the Olympics, significant work was carried out on the reconstruction of the stadium, primarily on modern technical equipment of sports facilities, on the creation of new surfaces, on reconstruction
old and construction of new premises serving athletes, creation of an artificial lighting system.
During the reconstruction of Luzhniki, the architecture of the mid-50s was completely preserved and partially restored, and the modern objects that complemented it emphasized and strengthened the originality of the original plan.
In the area of the former village of Krylatskoye, 12 km from the city center, in the picturesque floodplain of the Moscow River, where it makes a large loop, bypassing a group of hills, a new sports complex has been created. An artificial rowing channel has been built here. The hydropark with an area of 750 hectares is designed to serve 100 thousand visitors in summer and 60 thousand visitors in winter. The rowing channel is the center of the park composition. Its big body of water goes well with low elongated trees located on the shore sports facilities. The length of the channel is 2300 m, the width of the racing distance is 125 m, the “return” distance is 75 m (158).
When you look at Krylatskoye from the high bank of the river, you see a cycle track with an expressive silhouette of the ceiling. Until now, there has not been an indoor cycling track in the world with such a large track - its length is 333.3 m. This is a unique sports facility.
An open track for bicycle racing has also been created in Krylatskoye. The ring road, almost 14 km long, meets the most stringent international standards.
Two green squares (90X90 m), located between the canal and the circular cycle road, are archery fields with a persistent sports turf.
All buildings are united by a wide park area. When forming the park landscape, natural and artificial reservoirs were used, which mainly serve decorative purposes, floodplain meadows, forested mountain slopes, hills and
islands. Soil from work during the construction of a rowing canal and artificial reservoirs was used to create an artificial relief. Currently, the complex is developing, acquiring new sports and recreational areas. The authors of the master plan for the sports park are architect. A. G. Echeistov, V. F. Gostev, A. A. Talalaevsky, engineer. E. A. Semenova-Prozarovskaya, N. A. Filippova, V. P. Timofeev.
A part of the Bitsevsky forest area has also been allocated for the creation of a unique sports park.
An equestrian base was built in the north-eastern part of the park Olympic class, which is successfully integrated into the nature of the Bitsevsky forest park, located on its huge (over 130 thousand m2) clearing, surrounded by trees and shrubs. The planar structures of the equestrian sports complex were successfully designed to meet the high Olympic requirements.
Like any sports complex, the Olympic complex should be treated as a park, where it is possible not only to hold large entertainment events, train athletes and athletes, but also organize recreation for residents of nearby urban areas. The green spaces of the park should significantly influence the improvement of the city’s environment.
