Sports area in the park. Unique sports grounds

There is a tendency towards specialization of parks in large cities. All over the world, centers and historical residential areas, which usually have several small parks, are being actively reconstructed. The areas of these parks are not sufficient for the full development of all zones of multifunctional parks, in domestic terminology - cultural and recreation parks. Then one or two functions receive preferential development. Another important factor in the specialization of parks is the increasing demands of visitors for comfort, which is satisfied by specialized services.

The most common type of specialized park, especially abroad, is sports. In large cities, there is a special need for physical education and sports: people suffer from physical inactivity and experience high stress on their bodies. nervous system. Both require active recreation with certain physical activity, which is precisely what sports parks provide, in contrast to sports centers, which are intended mainly for training athletes and holding competitions.

Sports parks are divided into multifunctional, or universal, - for many sports, and specialized - for one or a group of related sports (for example, aquatic, equestrian, cycling, etc.).

Universal parks, called sports and recreation centers, are large urban or suburban (following the example of the famous German Riviera parks) complexes, which, in terms of the composition of their structures, have

315

The number of spectator seats is close to sports centers (Fig. 10.5.4 -10.5.6). They differ from sports centers in the larger area of greenery and the main focus on mass physical education and recreational activities and active recreation.

Unique Olympic parks are large sports complexes for the Olympic Games. Such are the Olympic parks in Melbourne, Meiji and Kamazawa parks in Tokyo, parks in Mexico City, Munich and Montreal. After the Olympic Games, the problem of their use arises. A good example is a park in Munich. Even during its design, the principle of “short distances and green landscapes” was proposed. On the reclaimed territory of 140 hectares, artificial terrain was created to create intersections of pedestrian and transport routes at different levels. After the Olympic Games, this vast green area became an active recreation area for the population of Munich both in summer and winter. In winter, artificial artificial hills turn into mountains for mass sledding and skiing.

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The size of sports parks can range from tens to hundreds of hectares. When placing them in the city, just as when placing sports complexes, conditions must be created for the evacuation of a large number of people and parking lots must be provided.

Specialized sports parks for a particular sport or group of related sports are intended to provide associated active recreation, as well as activities at a higher level than in other types of parks. The most common specialized parks are for water sports (Fig. 10.5.7). There are numerous centers abroad

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318 PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS FACILITIES

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for swimming and bathing. Hydroparks are becoming increasingly common everywhere, including here. They require water areas, so their placement in the city is subject to precisely this condition.

The size of specialized sports parks can be very different: from hundreds of hectares (for example, the hydropark in Krylatskoye has a total area of about 700 hectares, Kharkov hydroparks from 60 to 150 hectares, etc.) to compact areas of several hectares, which are often used abroad Place swimming and bathing centers.

There may be specialized parks for other sports. The need for them is determined by the popularity of a particular sport in a given place, favorable natural conditions, etc. In different countries, especially in the UK, USA and Canada, golf courses or parks are common, which occupy large areas - from 50 to 100 hectares. There are well-known centers for roller skating and cycling parks, where the complex terrain of the areas is functionally used. Skateparks are popular for skateboarding.

Sports parks are not such mass facilities as multifunctional cultural and recreation parks; they are rather unique, especially large universal ones and, of course, specialized ones. Therefore, there cannot be recommendations on the composition of structures, and especially with quantitative indicators. They are designed according to special specifications, depending on local and natural conditions.

Among the structures of sports parks there are a wide variety - from large unique ( indoor stadiums, swimming pools with artificial waves, waterfalls) to simple grounds, lawns for sports and recreational games. This is determined by the purpose of the park, the number of residents for which it is designed, its area and location in the city. The most common in all types of sports parks are swimming pools (Table 10.5.2, Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.7), the so-called leisure type (with irregularly shaped baths, with artificial waves, water slides).

Gyms are very common - universal, specialized, and multi-purpose, i.e. not only for sporting events, but also for shows, dances, etc.

Much less common than halls are skating rinks with artificial ice(Table 10.5.2, Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.6). Sometimes complex artificial skating rinks are built - indoor and outdoor. Example - sports park"Ottobrunn" in Germany (Fig. 10.5.4).

The palette of planar structures is even richer - from sports cores to lawns, which have become an indispensable element of the park, where they play outdoor games, sunbathe, and have picnics.

Unlike sports centers in sports parks, especially abroad, among flat structures they arrange areas for entertaining sports games (mini-golf, botchi, croquet, skittles, etc.), grounds and tracks for roller skating and boarding; mountains for sledding, boarding, plates and skiing (Fig. 10.5.4 - 10.5.5). Golf courses are also found in foreign universal sports parks, but more often these are separate specialized park courses. And we have new sports for our country - baseball, softball, squash, golf. In 1988, the first specialized golf sports park in Russia was built in Moscow (Fig. 10.5.8), and several more are expected to be built.

Green spaces must make up at least 70% of the sports park area. The area occupied by structures, paths and alleys is much larger than that in other types of parks, since the sports facilities themselves require large areas, and paths and alleys must provide the possibility of evacuating a large number of people into the park.

kakh, where the attendance is massive and where there are structures with places for spectators.

In large sports parks with facilities for competitions, physical education and recreational activities and active recreation, it is advisable to designate zones: entertainment and demonstration, training, active recreation, administrative and economic.

Today, when the accelerating pace of life prompts us to preserve our inner potential and health - physical and mental, the transition to a healthy lifestyle is important.

The external form of manifestation of this direction in last years actively advocates the development of sports infrastructure in the country as a major international, all-Russian, regional sporting events, and locally at the level of small territories.

Speaking about landscape design - as a unique activity for preserving the natural landscape in the urban environment and creating unique images of the harmony of nature in various scales of public and private areas - in relation to the sports environment, a list of known to us is drawn sports facilities, the creation of which involves the use of tools and techniques of landscape architecture and design. These include planar structures (stadiums, universal sports grounds, tennis courts), dynamically developing sport complexes(universal physical education and health complexes, specialized complexes, athletics arenas, fitness rooms) and adjacent areas. A special place in terms of their complexity, novelty or scale in the landscape and architectural practice of Russia is occupied by such sports objects like racetracks, golf courses, skate areas, outdoor tennis courts.

In our opinion, in the context of modern trends in the development of sports infrastructure, it is important to ensure mass accessibility to sports facilities so that their use becomes possible for citizens and works in solving social problems in developing a sports culture, healthy image life, self-improvement and spiritual development of the nation. From this point of view, what is important, in our opinion, is the creation and development of integral natural complexes - sports parks located in areas accessible to residential areas, which could act as:

an active social place for personal development;

a center for the development of many sports simultaneously;

daily training grounds for city residents;

a place for active family walks.

To support my words, I would like to give an example of foreign practice - approaches to organizing places for mass active recreation and sports in the city of New York (USA), which we were able to get acquainted with while on an internship at the American landscape and architectural company Balmori Associates in July-August 2009 of the year. Surprisingly, in the conditions of mass development, territories for mass relaxation, activity, and recreation of citizens are uniquely preserved and consciously allocated.

Unlike the development of other urban areas, it is here that the features of the landscape design of sports facilities are clearly expressed: 1) complexes of sports and cultural recreation areas are successfully combined; 2) a harmonious combination of “green” zones and visitor routes has been built, taking into account their occupation various types sports; 3) compliance with requirements regarding noise and wind protection, distribution of sunlight is ensured; 4) the planning and development technologies used take into account the potentially high degree of loading of the park territory by visitors and ensure the long-term sustainability of its landscape.

An example of modern trends in landscape design of sports parks in an urban environment in New York City is the famous Central Park, which occupies more than 3 square meters. km area, is the “core” and “island” of the city’s nature. At first glance, this is a natural complex, but upon closer inspection there are kilometers of paths for jogging, cycling, skateboarding , roller skating, horseback riding. The park preserves the features of the natural landscape of rocky ledges, hills, and forest areas, but at the same time, fields for playing football, rugby, and golf have been created to suit the needs of park users, and both sports and entertainment and playgrounds have been organized for children. The natural background surprises visitors with fauna - squirrels, “walking” badgers, “singing” forest and swimming birds.

In recent years, maximum utilization projects have gained particular popularity. New York City waterfront. On both banks of the rivers (Hudson River, East River) washing Manhattan, there are embankment parks stretching for many kilometers - Hudson River Park,East River Park, Riverbank State Park, - which uniquely preserved the historical features of the place and combine modernity, environmental friendliness, harmony of natural content, complete functionality in use, the individuality of the continuation of the city’s architecture and its balance with the watery nature of the elements surrounding the island. Thanks to thoughtful work, the implemented projects of these parks have created a unique atmosphere of accessibility and ease of playing sports for any person, regardless of age, his social status, or position in society.

The complex of sports parks, without exception, provides additional features for active recreation and sports for people with disabilities, who, along with ordinary citizens, have the opportunity to use all the capabilities of functional areas, doing athletics or participating in team sports sports games. In the evenings and on weekends, sports parks are a gathering of teenagers and adults on playgrounds for playing volleyball, basketball, skateboarding, and roller skating. The territory of piers on the water, on which the work of football fields and golf clubs is organized, is effectively used on a city scale, and their placement is harmoniously included in the space of coastal parks. It is noteworthy that many sports grounds in parks quickly transform into public skating rinks in winter. A striking example is Bryant Park, located in the center of New York among skyscrapers, where in the summer a recreation area is regularly open on the lawn ground floor, yoga classes, classes sports dancing youth, holding tennis tournaments, cultural events, and in winter - the open area of the lawn turns into a skating rink to the delight of users for free skating, holding competitions, festive performances.

Thus, the mass availability of sports facilities - through the organization of sports parks - is a unique opportunity for the development and preservation of the nation. Achieving functionality, completeness of the idea, and individuality of the sports park is determined at the stage of landscape design. In this regard, in order to create an integral multifunctional natural recreation and sports complex at the project development stage, it is recommended to adhere to the following principles of territory design:

When developing a territory design concept, study the “portrait” of a potential user and form, taking into account his preferences in the project, a set of functional zones, their order and range of placement. Include areas for active recreation and sports for all age groups - children, teenagers, adults

Ensure accessibility of the park's sports facilities relative to residential areas. Limit sports grounds, Treadmills from public transport roads; distinguish between the movements of pedestrians and actively moving people on bicycles, rollerblades, and skateboards. The location of the facilities ensures ease of loading and the ability to quickly evacuate people. Establish conditions for ease of maintenance of sports park facilities

Place sports facilities in tracts of greenery or recreate a natural environment around them through the use of coniferous trees, decorative foliage shrubs, cereals, perennial wildflowers or alpine flowers in the landscape design (do not use abundantly fruiting, early-shedding and thorny plants)

Combine sports facilities with areas of the natural environment (natural or artificial reservoirs, natural reliefs, alleys), ensuring a decorative environment at any time of the year. Provide for easy transformation of summer sports facilities into areas for winter sports and recreation. Maintain the orientation of sports facilities according to the cardinal directions

When developing the technical part of a landscape project, provide for the use of natural materials in the arrangement of the territory - wood, stone, gravel chips.

Specialized parks

Specialized parks are a special type of parks characteristic of largest cities, having a certain functional orientation. The functional and planning organization of the territory of a specialized park is carried out with its intended purpose. First of all, these are sports, children's, memorial parks, botanical gardens and parks.

The composition and number of park structures and landscaping elements in specialized parks depend on the thematic focus, the content of the park and are determined by the task for landscape design.

When landscape designing a specialized park, as a rule, an approximate ratio of the elements of the territory is recommended, i.e. territory balance, % of total area:

Green spaces and ponds…………………………………………………….65…70

Alleys, paths, platforms……………………………………………………….....28…25

Structures and development………………………………………………………………..7…5

Sports parks. Sports parks- these are the types of parks in which the primary role is given to physical education and sports, active recreation city population for physical development and recovery. Sports parks cover an area of 20 to 50 hectares.

Sports parks are divided into:

For specialized ones intended for competitions and training of athletes in different types sports;

Complex (physical education and recreation) used for active recreation and games sports type.

The landscape design of a sports park is subject to special requirements based on its location in the structure of a city or region, and the natural conditions of the area (territory topography, vegetation, sunlight, clean air). When landscape designing, great importance is attached to the functional zoning of the territory. Functional zoning of the territory is determined:

A clear schedule; separation of athletes and spectators relaxing in the park;

Loading and evacuation of visitors to demonstration, training and recreational facilities;

Allocation of recreational areas to restore the physical and mental strength of athletes and park visitors.

The organization of recreational activities and recreation in parks attracts masses of people of different age groups. Adults and children are engaged in sports sections, train, participate in competitions. Sports fans watch sports competitions. Elderly and retired people participate in health groups. The planning organization of a territory is formed, as a rule, based on the contrast of open and closed spaces. The core of the sports park is stadium. When placing stadiums with one-sided or horseshoe-shaped stands, the wide view of the landscape design through the open space that opens from the stands is taken into account football field(training fields, clearings can be placed on the axis of the landscape composition) to neighboring territories (sea, lake, opposite bank of the river, fields, mountains).

Sports parks are designed for mass attendance of the population. When landscape designing, as a rule, the following zones should be distinguished:

Sports zone (up to 50% of the entire territory);

Entertainment area (5...7% of the entire territory);

Quiet recreation area (up to 30% of the entire territory);

Service area (up to 5...7% of the entire territory).

The sports area may have a specific functional focus (for example, for horse riding) or divided into sectors: sector water sports, children's sector, physical education and health sector, sector with a young sailors' club. A large share in the balance of the territory is occupied by sites, roads, and structures.

A quiet recreation zone is usually allocated in large sports parks - a significant part of the landscape is allocated to this zone. There will also be a children's sector there. For sanitary reasons and to ensure the safety of participants and spectators, it is necessary to provide for isolation of such sports as motorboating, shooting, automobile, equestrian, etc. For the most part, sports zones are solved by regular techniques of landscape planning and composition, and a quiet recreation area - by landscape techniques. The clearings, free in configuration, smooth lines of roads and alleys create a favorable environment for relaxation, contrasting with the intense rhythm of the landscape composition of the sports grounds and the active activities (trainings, competitions) of the participants in the sports area. Sports devices (grounds) according to existing requirements should be oriented with the wide side from north to south. Small deviation angles are acceptable: 5…15 0 - for Central Russia; up to 25 0 - in the cities of the Arctic. The site for the towns is designed in the direction to the north, northeast.

There are requirements for landscaping in relation to protection from wind and noise of open sports facilities. The playing space of the playgrounds should not be shaded by green plantings. By rationally placing green spaces, you should create a calm background, for example, when playing ball. Along the border of the sports complex (or individual grounds) it is necessary to provide a strip of protective green space at least 5 m wide. The strip of green space should include one or two rows of trees and shrubs. In rows between trees, a distance of 2.5...3.0 m is recommended, and between rows - 2 m. When forming protective strips of green spaces, it is necessary to maintain an interval of 10...15 m from the boundaries of playgrounds that have appropriate metal fences. Along the fences, it is necessary to plant vines in the form of maidenhair and Amur grapes.

When landscaping areas around sports grounds, the texture and color of foliage and the nature of flowering are taken into account. It is not recommended to plant plants with light foliage, as well as flowering shrubs, as they create an unfavorable background for games due to the loose structure of the bush, the delicacy of the crowns, and the light tonality. Plants that clog play areas are excluded from the assortment. sites and open swimming pools (with needles, seeds, flower petals), susceptible to windbreak (silver maple, etc.), damaged by frost (exotics), as well as trees with early falling leaves and fruits, introduced plant species.

The development of sports parks in a number of countries was greatly influenced by Olympic Games. To hold them, sports complexes with stadiums were built, swimming pools, sports facilities, parks. Olympic Park - green area for international events, sports competitions(competitions) with a regulated range of specialized sports facilities and devices that meet high class international requirements. Olympic parks are created at the Olympic complexes. When organizing the landscape design of Olympic parks, complex urban planning problems, such as the construction of sports facilities that are modern in architecture and design, Olympic Village, hotels, buildings for cultural services for athletes and tourists. The complex needs to be interconnected with transport system and the prospects for the development of the city.

By your organization Olympic complexes are divided into single, compact, with an independent designated territory and consisting of several territories in different areas of the city or even in different regions (for example, complexes in Rome (Italy), Moscow and Sochi). In the layout of an Olympic park with a stadium for 100 thousand or more spectators, a clear and clear plan with a dominant center is necessary. Olympic parks are especially attractive if the natural qualities of landscape design are widely used. Depending on the task for landscape design separate zones can be combined (like sports and training), may be absent (entertainment zone) or can be added to them, for example, a water sports zone, cycling etc.

Olympic complexes are characterized by large-scale design of structures (squares, stadiums), clear construction of pedestrian and transport roads (10...12 m wide), occupying 60...70% of the entire territory. Former Olympic complexes mostly continue to operate as ordinary sports parks.

Hydroparks. Hydropark- a sports park facility. Hydroparks developed in the second half of the twentieth century. Hydroparks are created in cities experiencing a shortage of territory, on inconvenient, flooded lands, on areas with a high specific gravity of the water area. The volume-spatial landscape organization of hydroparks is characterized by the presence of open spaces: reservoirs, clearings and meadows. In the overall balance of areas, more than 25% of the territory consists of reservoirs intended for physical education and sports, cultural and educational events, entertainment, and quiet relaxation. On the territory it becomes possible to create comfortable recreational conditions for all age groups of the population. The creation of beach areas, the construction of yacht clubs, harbors for sailing and motor vessels and boat stations, entertainment attractions, water jumps and cascades, theater venues and restaurants determines the high recreational capacity of the territory (up to 500 people/ha).

Depending on the nature of the territory, natural conditions, and functional orientation, the territory of the hydropark is divided into the following: functional areas: sports, entertainment, cultural and educational, children's play area, services. Large areas of hydroparks must be accessible to city residents and must be served by public transport (suburban electric trains, metro, ships, boats, trams, trolleybuses, buses).

Children's parks. To organize children's parks, it is necessary to use favorable natural environmental factors that promote active recreation and the physical and mental development of children. The formation of park landscape design as an environment for children's recreation contributes to the imaginative and cognitive content of its elements.

Children's parks provide educational and health work for children by age group: for preschoolers (up to 7 years); junior schoolchildren (from 8 up to 11 years old); middle (from 12 to 14 years) and older (from 15 to 16 years) age.

Children's parks are divided into city-wide and regional.

Citywide children's park is a green area with favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions with an area of at least 8 hectares. In the park, it is desirable to have bodies of water and relief that contribute to the creation of picturesque landscape design. The park should have convenient transport links with all areas of the city.

District children's parks with a service radius of up to 1 km are created in large cities. District children's parks occupy an area of 4 to 8 hectares. Attendance at district children's parks is determined approximately at the rate of 20...30% of the child population of the entire population of the district (city); of which: junior schoolchildren age - 30%; middle age - 50%; older - 10%; preschoolers - 10%. According to calculations, approximately up to 100 m2 of park area is accepted per visitor.

The functional and planning organization of the territory of the children's park is determined by the allocation of the following zones depending on the sections of educational and recreational work:

Cultural and educational zone (fire pit, theater, circus, lecture hall, museum, reading room);

Zone physical education(stadium, sports grounds, swimming pool);

Entertainment, games and attractions area;

Quiet rest area;

Service area (buffets, cafes with 50...100 seats, food kiosks, water, books, pay phones, toilets (at the rate of one toilet per 1...3 hectares of territory));

Administrative and economic zone.

Cultural and educational zone located on an independent territory or divided into objects. When landscape designing a park, it can be interpreted as central. When placing a circus or theater that attracts many visitors, an unloading area and its connection to the main entrance are provided.

The size of the area and the width of the alley are calculated from the number of seats for spectators (200...600 seats). A museum, an outdoor exhibition, an open lecture hall require a quieter location; they can be arranged as a single complex.

When creating a park near the youth palace, areas for young naturalists and young technicians are set up. The station for young naturalists requires premises with an area of 200...400 m 2 (greenhouse, greenhouses, meteorological station, areas for field cultivation, vegetable gardening, horticulture, floriculture, industrial crops, medicinal herbs, tree species). The station for young technicians requires premises with an area of 200...500 m2, which house workshops (offices): electrical engineering, aircraft modeling, radio design, carpentry, plumbing, planetarium, exhibition pavilion, etc. Stations for young naturalists and young technicians occupy an area of approximately 0.5...1.0 hectares.

Physical education zone(for large parks) includes sports devices:

Stadium with stands for spectators: for 700…800 seats - for a district park; for 1,500 or more seats - for a city-wide park;

Volleyball courts (three courts of 14x23 m each);

Basketball courts (two courts of 20x30 m each);

Tennis courts (two courts of 20x40 m each);

Playgrounds for cities (size 10x30 m), outdoor games (two or three playgrounds of 20x30 m each);

Solarium (lawn for sunbathing);

Aerarium (for air baths in the shade of trees, awnings or umbrellas);

An open (summer) pool for swimming (plan size 12.5x6.25 m or 25x12.5 m with a day depth of 0.4 to 1.2 m);

Diving pool (springboard height - 1 m; bottom depth - 3.5 m; bottom size - 9x7 m; tower 2x3 m high from the water level).

The sports area houses training pavilions, cloakrooms, showers, bicycle, ski and skate rental points, medical stations and rooms for trainers.

Entertainment and games area And attractions include a main complex for shared use by all age groups and dedicated facilities for each age group of children. It is recommended to place play complexes for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren in separate areas near the main entrance. Types of playgrounds and their areas are given in table. 1.

Table 1

Types of playgrounds and their areas

Types of Playgrounds	Area of playgrounds, m2
Playgrounds for children: Up to 3 years 4…6 years 7…14 years	10…100 120…300 50…2000
Play complexes for children under 14 years old	1200…7000
Physical education and playgrounds: for children 10…15 years old for youth and adults	150…7000 10…7000

In modern children's parks, play complexes for children under 14 years old can be both multifunctional and specialized.

Multifunctional complexes are characterized by a combination of gaming and educational elements, taken in each case in certain proportions (physical education playground, splashing pool, attractions, stage, playground board games, zoo corner and puppet theater).

Specialized complexes characterized by the placement of areas for sports and transport games, adventure playgrounds. Water areas include simple and figured showers, sprinklers, channels for launching boats, swimming pools, and trick fountains. Figured showers, installed on a concrete base, are more convenient and hygienic than “splash pools” (splash pools with a depth of 0.1...0.4 m). Currently, there are landscape design developments for equipment of sites for water games(toboggans, swimming pools, showers) using standardized standard parts made of reinforced concrete, reinforced cement, metal and plastics.

Sites for construction games, depending on their functions, are arranged in the form of large complexes or small sites, equipped with pavilions for storing parts and materials, benches and tables for small layouts, design work, canopies from the sun and rain. These construction playgrounds include the most common sand playgrounds, which are a constant success among all age groups of children (from one year to 10 years and older). For games with sand, tables, benches, toboggans, houses, decorative walls with shelves, and molds for sand products are provided.

Objects of wood, ceramics, and plastics of various sizes and shapes can be used as building materials for games with localization a single building material at each site and unified modules, taking into account the variability of building models, directional (ships or cars, houses or palaces) and free themes. Transport playgrounds are used to teach children traffic rules. Pedal cars, bicycles, and scooters are intended for riding. In large parks, it is possible to provide a children's playroom railway(or cable car) for the convenience of moving park visitors and serving children.

As an example, we can cite sites with a set of equipment on one theme in the Greenham Park in Zurich (Switzerland), where a site was built on the theme “Sea Voyage” with combined diverse equipment (ship, swimming pool, canal, pyramid, hill, theater, bike path ); in Central Park in New York (USA), where the game complex “Walk with adventures" - groups of two or three or more sites, each of which has a specific adventure theme. Children's zoos are becoming widespread, instilling love and interest in the animal world and having an entertaining nature (animal theaters, Noah's Ark, attractions). The territory of the children's park is divided into two zones: an exhibition zone and an entertainment zone. Intrapark transport - children's railway.

When landscape designing a park, it is possible to provide adventure game complexes (for example, traveling in the jungle, desert, sea, space, playing Indians, protecting fortifications, a fantasy land of the past with fabulous monsters, a land of dinosaurs, labyrinths, etc.). Play complexes can be designed with the division of space by walls made of concrete, plastic, wood and other materials, creating areas of different heights.

Play equipment for children should be vandal-proof, bright, expressive and durable, and have aesthetic qualities. When landscape designing equipment, a “children’s” scale is adopted, stimulating the imagination of children. It is important to rationally place the playing volumes, avoiding chaos and cluttering the playing areas with an excessive amount of green space.

Quiet rest area stands out, as a rule, in large children's parks. The territory of the zone is allocated areas with valuable landscape design qualities - picturesque relief, water surfaces in the form of a lake, stream, river, an array of green spaces, open spaces of meadows with grass. The territory of the quiet recreation area is decided by free (landscape) planning techniques and landscape composition. It is necessary to create a favorable recreation environment for adults with small children, to provide a walking route that will planally unite the entire territory of the zone, picturesque meadows, smooth lines of roads and alleys. The dimensions of the sites and the dimensions of the roads must be calculated in accordance with the recreational load on the territory of the zone. According to existing requirements, sites must be correctly oriented and provided with protection from wind and excessive solar radiation in the summer.

The architectural and planning solution of the territory, its improvement and landscaping must be extremely clear, facilitate the orientation of visitors and meet the following basic requirements:

The volumetric-spatial structure should be formed according to the type of open and semi-open spaces, which are distributed throughout the park, taking into account climatic features of the country's region;

The number of entrances to the park should be minimal;

The territory should not be crossed by transit roads;

Zones and their individual objects serving a large number of visitors (stadium, exhibition, attractions) should be located closer to the entrance;

If the park is surrounded by residential areas and has a large territory, then in order to avoid the accumulation of children in one place, sectors (objects) should be duplicated;

When creating a park, it is necessary to design a protective strip of green space along the perimeter of the territory with a width of at least 10 m;

Green spaces on the territory must correspond to the location, natural conditions, and planning decisions;

The range of plants should be selected taking into account the age and interests of children; in order to become familiar with local plants and the diverse flora of Russia, areas with ornamental, fruit and berry, industrial and medicinal plants should be created (poisonous and thorny plants are excluded from the range);

In the play areas of preschoolers and junior schoolchildren, it is necessary to plant beautiful flowering trees and shrubs of small height, memorable landscape compositions of vines, weeping tree forms, arrange themed flower beds, flower beds with clock plants, sculptures of ornamental herbaceous plants.

In cities of the northern climate zone, a children's park should, as a rule, open spaces (meadows, lawns) predominate, and in central Russia and the south - semi-open spaces with tapeworms or groups of trees that darken the surfaces of coverings and lawns. The expanse of sun-drenched meadows creates an optimistic, joyful emotional mood.

The children's park road network includes:

The main entrance alley (or two or three additional) 6...8 m wide circular route, covering all areas of the park;

Roads inside the zone with a width of 1.5...2.0 m;

Narrow paths in certain areas of children's play areas.

The best surfaces for playgrounds and roads in a children's park are crushed stone-gravel, rubber, shaped cement-concrete at the central entrance, at observation platforms, etc.

Small architectural forms, sculpture, bright spots of floral decoration should create a cheerful mood. When designing landscapes, it is necessary to take into account that children's parks are characterized by a reduced scale of devices, structures, unusualness and attractiveness of the structures.

Exhibition parks. Exhibition parks- These are unique specialized parks. Such parks can be located on a separate territory and as an exhibition sector on the territory of multifunctional parks, recreational and sports parks. The location of the exhibition park in the city plan and the architectural and planning solution of its territory depend on the nature and duration of the exhibitions. Exhibition parks can be stationary, permanent, or irregular, dedicated to events and significant dates.

According to the purpose and composition of the exhibition participants, exhibition parks are divided into world, international, national, republican, regional, regional, city and district. The functions of exhibition parks are to introduce the achievements of science and technology, industry, agriculture and forestry, culture and landscape art. When landscape designing, great importance is attached to the functional organization of the territory and determining the center of the entire landscape composition. The territory of the exhibition park, as a rule, is divided into the following zones: exhibition zone, park zone and entertainment zone - 60...40%; administrative zone - 40…30%; economic zone - 2…3%; service area - 12...20%.

When zoning an exhibition park, central areas are allocated for exposition, and peripheral areas (park area, ponds) are used for recreation, children's games and attractions. Parking lots occupying large areas are provided outside the exhibition park. For such objects, territories ranging from 100 to 500...600 hectares are provided. In some cases, natural conditions are the compositional basis of exhibition complexes. A special group of exhibition parks consists of national exhibitions that introduce nature, industry, and culture of a given country.

An example is the All-Russian Agricultural Exhibition of 1923, which was located on the banks of the Moscow River near the Crimean Bridge (designed by the architect I.V. Zholtovsky); later it was included in the boundaries of the Central Park of Culture and Recreation. Gorky. Flower exhibition parks are also known (for example, the Floriada exhibition). An exhibition park in Lima (Peru) with an area of 150 hectares is unique. The leading theme is ancient national culture. The park includes an area of archaeological monuments, botanical garden, “region of Peru” with an exposition of the “mountainous” region, “selva” region, zoo; the country's natural history museum; children's recreation area; service area. In 1939, the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) was opened in the north of Moscow - unique in its significance in the political, economic, cultural life of the country and in its architectural and artistic design. In 1957, the All-Union Industrial Exhibition was organized on this territory, along with the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition. After their reconstruction, VDNKh, with an area of 350 hectares, was created as the largest center with thematic exhibitions, conferences, symposiums, and schools of excellence. On the territory of VDNKh there is a recreation area with cultural and entertainment institutions (cinema panorama, stage), trade and consumer service enterprises (fair, pavilions, restaurants, cafes).

Botanical gardens (parks). Botanical gardens- these are peculiar specialized parks, which are research institutions and study the resources of domestic and world flora to enrich agriculture and forestry, and provide raw materials for the perfume, medicinal and chemical industries. The tasks of botanical gardens include promoting gardening and green landscape construction. They differ in the profile of activities carried out in the garden, in the principles of placement and display of landscape exhibitions, geographical location, and area. Botanical parks are created both in open areas (for example, the botanical garden in Riga (Latvia)) and in forested areas (for example, the Main Botanical Garden at the Russian Academy of Sciences).

The history of the development of botanical gardens is inseparable from the history of the introduction and acclimatization of plants. Since time immemorial, man has sought to enrich the flora of his region with plants from other regions that are useful to him, cultivation of local plants. The peoples of ancient civilizations - the Egyptians, the Babylonians - laid out gardens in which they grew plants brought from other countries (primarily ornamental ones). The need to create diverse collections of plants in botanical gardens (especially when arranging landscape exhibitions according to systematic and geographical principles) contributed to the introduction of plants. The influx of foreign species increased under the influence of geographical discoveries, the development of navigation and the progress of transportation.

In their historical development, botanical gardens gradually lost the narrowly utilitarian features of apothecary gardens and acquired the character of scientific institutions. As botany developed and the number of scientific personnel increased, botanical institutes were created at university departments, in which Along with educational, research, and introduction tasks, educational tasks were also set. Social changes and the associated growth in the needs of the national economy contributed to the organization of new botanical gardens with a new content of scientific activity. In the 50-60s. XX century The problem of nature and environmental protection was especially acute. Under these conditions, botanical gardens acquired increasing importance as museums of wildlife, as reservations of rare and endangered species, as repositories of the genetic fund of varieties that may be lost for future generations.

When landscape designing a botanical garden, the following requirements must be taken into account:

The territory must be located at a sufficient distance from residential areas, municipal and industrial buildings. Necessarily public transport services should be established;

When locating the territory, the strength and direction of the prevailing winds should be taken into account;

The territory should have a varied landscape with ponds and forests;

Soil conditions, both in terms of structure and chemical composition and moisture content must be varied;

The territory must have water supply sources.

The functional and planning organization of the territory must meet the tasks and purpose of the botanical garden. In accordance with this, the territory is divided into zones of botanical exhibitions, park, experimental work (areas of experimental introduction, breeding areas, experimental laboratory areas), nursery and greenhouses, greenhouses, utility and service areas. The most common exhibitions are an arboretum, a rock garden, a rose garden, gardens demonstrating the techniques of landscape gardening, a garden of local flora, botanical-geographical areas and collections of individual crops, etc. The exposition of botanical gardens is built according to the following principles:

Systematic (by families, genera, species and varieties);

Botanical-geographical (by areas of plant origin);

Ecological (based on the characteristics of natural living conditions, growth and development of plants);

Landscape and decorative (on decorative grounds);

Combined.

The main architectural and planning center of a large botanical garden is a complex of facilities for year-round visitation, including exhibition and collection greenhouses, a museum with a lecture hall, an administrative building, laboratories with experimental greenhouses, and a library-herbarium. The total area of economic plots and greenhouses of the botanical garden is 10....15% of the entire territory. The zone of botanical exhibitions occupies 50....70% of the total territory (Table 2).

table 2

Approximate ratios of exhibition areas

Exhibition areas	Dimensions, %, when placing exposures
Exhibition areas	systematic	botanical-geographical	environmental	landscape and decorative
Botanical exhibition area
Park area				8…10
Experimental work areas
Nursery, greenhouse
Roads, sites, sections of auxiliary structures
Household and service areas

The centers of the landscape composition of the territory can be: the front entrance square with parterre and fountain, decorative pond, rose garden. The center of the landscape composition in the University Garden of Riga (Latvia) is a tall tropical greenhouse with a rocky garden and a patch of azaleas. The placement of the exposition is subject to a specific display system - the main sightseeing route, a specialized route and additional roads within a separate exposition. Along the main excursion route, which unites the leading exhibitions of the garden, there are areas for gathering of excursionists, areas for viewing the exhibitions and recreation. The general road network of the botanical garden consists of transport roads (3.5...4.0 m wide), pedestrian alleys (up to 6 m wide) and pedestrian paths and paths (1.5 m wide).

The formation of the park landscape design of the botanical garden as a whole is carried out in accordance with the laws of landscape architecture, natural conditions and biological properties of plants. Landscapes are built on the contrast of open and closed spaces in proportions that correspond to a specific climatic zone.

Zoological parks. Zoological parks (zoos)- these are scientific research, cultural and educational institutions that introduce the population to the animal world, promote the ideas of nature conservation, conduct experimental work in the field of animal biology, commercial hunting, hybridization, domestication of animals, etc. Zoos are the most important wildlife reserves that preserve wild fauna. According to 1979 data, there are more than 800 zoos in the world. Zoos vary in size and type - from a vivarium with one type of animal (aquarium, dolphinarium, etc.) to a safari park with a variety of animals. collection of animals.

A modern zoo is a complex scientific, educational and cultural complex that combines animal exhibitions, a park area with lecture halls, an entertainment area and scientific laboratories. The zoo has all the elements of the park's landscape composition (relief, ponds, green spaces, small-scale architecture, sculpture). The architectural and planning landscape composition of the zoo must take into account the versatility of its contents, biological, sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic requirements, as well as the provision of transport links.

Architecture of the layout of animal walks and structures in zoos in the 19th century. was distinguished by its conventional exoticism and was solved in the monumental specific style of “false ethnography.” In the 20th century a new principle for organizing zoos has emerged - creating picturesque landscapes that are close to natural, giving animals more freedom, which led to an increase in the area of zoos to 100...200 hectares and more. Thus, in 1907, zoos appeared in Stellingetz near Hamburg, and a zoo in Berlin. After the reconstruction of the Berlin Zoo in 1950, its area was 160 hectares. The Berlin Zoo laid down the zoogeographical principle of displaying fauna. There are two trends in the organization of modern zoos in Europe:

1) creation of multi-purpose complexes - large structures with certain climatic conditions, designed for keeping and displaying animals from different parts of the world at any time of the year and in all weather conditions (for example, the Alfred Brehm Pavilion in Berlin with a building area of 5800 m2);

2) the formation of a landscape park (for example, in Dvur Kralov (Czech Republic)) with an area of more than 100 hectares. In this zoo, 1,500 representatives of fauna from all continents live in conditions close to natural; island areas are framed by moats or low fences. There are similar safari zoos in San Diego in California (USA) - an area of 50 hectares, 5 thousand animal specimens; near Paris (Thoiry) “African Reserve” with an area of 50 hectares, where visitors explore the zoo by car.

The term “zoo” has been in use since the beginning of the twentieth century. In the future, the network of zoos is growing. When creating them, rich world experience is used, the planning system is improved, becoming convenient for viewing and maintenance by transport; modern structures are designed with certain climatic conditions intended for maintaining and animal demonstrations; laboratories and subsidiary farms are being built.

When landscape designing a zoo, it is necessary to ensure that the allocated area is remote from city noise (forested suburban areas are desirable), protected from cold winds and hot winds, has rugged terrain, running water, green spaces, and the possibility of constructing reservoirs. It is necessary to provide for the arrangement of removable walks for animals (for rest and disinfection) and green areas, the creation of pasture-lawns, the organization of auxiliary crops of feed and an auxiliary animal park near the zoo territory, a reserve park area used for animals living in natural conditions (squirrels, hares , swans, peacocks, etc.). When landscape designing a zoo, it is necessary to keep in mind that part of the territory should be allocated for exposition and park area. Approximate functional zoning, %, territory:

Exposure zone…………………………………………………………………………………….Up to 5

Sanitary, veterinary and research zones…………………………Up to 2

Park area……………………………………………………………………………………….Up to 30

Economic and administrative zone…………………………………………………………… Up to 3

Reserve zone………………………………………………………………………………………Up to 3

The exhibition can be organized according to one of the following principles:

Evolutionary (from the simplest species of animals to anthropoids);

Systematic (families, genera, species);

Ecological (animals of the tundra, steppes, forests);

Zoogeographical;

Landscape-ecological.

IN exposure zone aquariums are used for amphibians and fish (rivers, seas and commercial fisheries), equipped with regular pools with an area of 2 to 50 m 2, as well as ponds and rivers; terrariums for reptiles with pools with an area of 1.5...200.0 m2 and rocky areas.

Airways for forest, steppe birds of prey and nocturnal birds are arranged with separate aviaries and common summer areas, fenced with nets; for tropical birds - with equipped greenhouses with tropical vegetation and swimming pools; for ostriches - with open lawns and enclosures; for large and aquatic birds - with pools and ponds with marshy banks.

Zones for marsupials, rodents, insectivores, and bats are set up with special structures, pens, cages, pools and streams.

Zones for pinnipeds and polar bears are equipped with structures and large deep pools (for pinnipeds - 20.5 x 9.2 m in size, with a depth of 0.85 to 1.85 m; for polar bears, two pools are provided, each measuring 50.0 x 9.5 m, with a depth of 3.5 m).

Herbivore zones are equipped with structures, pastures, cages, pens and streams.

In the monkey zone, special devices are provided to protect monkeys from infection with infectious diseases. The area for young animals must be accessible for viewing.

Sanitary and veterinary And research zone consist of a laboratory, a hospital, an isolation ward, a young animal house and a quarantine department. It must be isolated from the landscape exhibition and the utility yard by a strip of green space at least 200 m wide. The research zone includes buildings, greenhouses, and a pond. It is located on the periphery of the zoo and should have its own entrance.

Park area includes recreational areas, areas for games and riding ponies, camels, film lecture halls, a museum, places for serving visitors, restaurants, cafes, ticket offices, and parking lots.

Economic and administrative zone includes an administrative building, workshops, a garage, base warehouses, a feed kitchen, and a boiler room. Basic gardens and feed kitchens should be located on the periphery, in places accessible to trucks, next to the exposure areas of animals that consume the largest amount of feed.

The architectural and planning landscape composition of the zoo territory depends on the existing landscape design, surrounding areas and the possibility of its expansion. The need to accommodate diverse elements of landscape display predetermines a polycentric landscape composition in zoos, which does not exclude the creation of a main center. This could be a park area with fountains, ponds, flower beds; a complex of exhibition pavilions; a playground for popular animals or an animal theater.

When landscape designing for better review Roads should be routed along the terrain, high slopes, and rest areas should be located taking into account visibility enclosures with animals that are interesting to watch for a longer period of time. In zoos you can organize a number of excursions along systematic, ecological, zoogeographical routes. Rational organization of the route regulates the movement of visitors and prevents crowding.

The landscaping of the zoo territory is subordinated to the objectives of the general exhibition. An artificial landscape design is often created as a background for an exhibition: mountain, forest, steppe, landscape design with water (ponds, streams, lakes). Green spaces are designed in the form of various types: open lawns, groups and clumps of trees and shrubs, alleys, hedges. In the overall balance of the territory, green spaces should occupy at least 30% of the entire territory.

When creating a zoo on a forested area, allotment of the most forest-free areas, carefully preserving the surrounding forest, forming a park that creates a favorable background and clean air (for example, the zoo in Riga (Latvia) near Lake Kish).

Enclosures and zoo structures should be framed by groups of trees, bushes, vines, and ornamental herbaceous plants. Landscaping along the banks of reservoirs should, whenever possible, reproduce the natural coastal landscape. Terrariums are placed among mountain landscape design, the outside of the avia is landscaped with vines, and corners with tropical flora are created for tropical birds.

Memorial parks. Memorial parks- this is a special type of specialized (monofunctional) parks as objects of landscape architecture, intended for the establishment of monuments, signs of memory, and the organization of mass and individual burials.

Memorial parks are divided according to their significance and scale:

For monumental large ensembles (including memorial cemeteries);

Memorial areas with memorial signs;

Memorial complexes of a wide urban character;

Memorial chamber ensembles;

Civil cemeteries, memory parks.

According to the principle of placement of memorial objects, memorial parks are divided into historical and documentary, urban planning and combined types.

Monumental large ensembles (including memorial cemeteries). The prerequisite for creating an ensemble is the isolation of the monument and the space immediately adjacent to it into a zone of memorial character. A special emotional atmosphere of memorial complexes is created by preserving the material and spatial environment of the memorable event with the inclusion of memorial signs, inscriptions, and individual monuments. This is a kind of museum, the exhibits of which convey information of historical accuracy, and at the same time it is the place where a heroic or tragic event took place.

Based on the analysis of the territories of memorial complexes in different cities, we can draw a conclusion about the approximate rationing of territories and the ratio of areas to the total area.

The approximate distribution of functional zones of the memorial park is given in Table. 3

Table 3

Approximate distribution of functional zones of the memorial park

Zone	Distribution to visitors, % of total	Standard area per visitor, m2	Occupied area, % of total area
Memorial	15…50	100…15	20…25
Quiet rest	45…50	100…150	50…55
Cultural and informational	10…15	25…35	4…5
Wellness	12…15	70…100	10…15
Children's	8…10	50…70	5…7
Economic			1…3

The theme of the memorial is revealed by the multiplicity of information, which is characteristic feature of modernity. Memorial complexes predetermine such functional processes as tourist pilgrimages, rituals, processions and others, which require significant travel distances from the buffer zone, parking lot to the entrances to the memorial zone and further to the neutral ceremonial site to the compositional dominant of the memorial - the museum part. The landscape organization of modern memorial complexes is based on the principles of artistic formation of space. The correct orientation of the architectural spaces of memorials, the study of the possibilities of their optical connection with the surrounding nature, the study of the compositional structure of natural forms and their potential capabilities help to form future ensembles of memorial complexes.

Memorial areas with memorial signs. Memorial sign, memorial inscription carry information of historical accuracy. Depending on the task and location, they can be accented with floral decoration (flower bed, vase of flowers), vines, shrubs, trees.

Preservation of the spatial environment became the starting line for the construction of monuments - ensembles of the heroic Brest Fortress, tragic Salaspils and Khatyn. In St. Petersburg, in the area of the former Komendantsky airfield, a memorial sign marks the place of death of Captain L.M. Matsievich. When organizing a new residential area, an esplanade with a ground floor around a memorial plaque with the inscription was designed in its center: “In this place, Captain Lev Makarovich Matsievich fell victim to duty on September 24, 1910, while flying on the Farman airplane.”

The following estate museums are national relics: Pushkin nature reserve, Yasnaya Polyana, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, Polenovo, Penaty, Priyutino and others, the safety of which depends on a number of factors: the structure and nature of the economy of the adjacent area, transport accessibility, environmental measures, etc.

Landscape geographers offer a differentiated approach to the use of landscapes with full or partial reservation of some and expedient use of others with sufficient economic justification.

Memorial complexes of a broad urban character. For memorial complexes located in an urban environment, the correct architectural and planning organization of the territory immediately adjacent to the monument (memorial) is essential. In accordance with this, the compositions of the memorial and the surrounding spaces, the approach zones and inspecting it from near and far viewpoints, which will help rational architectural and planning decisions. Small architectural and sculptural details or colossal details from close viewing points are unacceptable for viewing at a great distance.

. Memorial chamber ensembles- these are memorial places associated with the place of birth, life and work of remarkable people of our Motherland, or places of historical events. A special place among memorial chamber ensembles is occupied by the estates of writers, artists, scientists, performers, etc. The memorial ensemble is preserved with components that were present during the life of outstanding people or at the time of a historical event. In the buffer zone, parking lots, tourist services, and, if necessary, hotels are organized. Manor architecture, layout of parks of the late XV111-X1X centuries. in scale and typological terms reflect certain trends, general patterns of construction, but at the same time, each estate is characterized by the tastes and interests of its owner.

When constructing new estates, it is necessary to preserve the existing plantings on the territory as much as possible. When restoring old estates, depending on the condition of the buildings, plantings, and available documentation (iconography, descriptions, etc.), the method of restoration is determined. When restoring old estates, excursion routes are developed to help preserve the landscape.

Memorial garden and park ensembles are dedicated to significant historical events. They clearly demonstrate the rich expressive possibilities of interaction between nature and works of monumental and decorative art.

Russian historical and artistic memorial ensembles of the 15th century. occupied large areas (150...300 hectares). Peterhof and Strelna were created near St. Petersburg in honor of the victory over the Swedes in the Northern War. Catherine Park in Pushkin is a complex of monuments dedicated to victories in the Russian-Turkish wars. The idea of Russian naval victories was embodied in Peterhof. This idea was expressed in the connection of the ensemble with the sea, in the rich use of water in fountains, cascades, pools, thematic sculpture, in the views of the sea opening from the windows of the palace, etc. Park landscapes were conceived monumentally, on a large scale, with deep perspectives (300...500...1500) and wide open spaces (2...15 hectares). Buildings, small architectural forms, sculpture, and the surrounding park landscape are imbued with a single meaning. Park ensembles are part of the master plan of a city or region and must be linked to the surrounding landscape.

Civil cemeteries, memory parks. The problem of organizing the territory of burials is a complex problem, consisting of various urban planning, planning, compositional and functional aspects of the architectural construction of space, all the more complex due to its involvement in an emotional and psychological event - the mourning ritual.

Memory Park is a specially designated territory that has natural conditions favorable for burial, transport connections and has individual architectural and artistic characteristics depending on natural conditions and traditions.

Cemetery- citywide territory. Its landscaping and architectural and landscape features are subject to the same requirements as other elements of the city. In large cities with well-developed transport connections, cemeteries can be located in the suburban area. In small towns, one or two cemeteries are designed, in large cities - 5...10 cemeteries (depending on the number of residents). The burial ritual, monuments, and design of graves in each country have their own characteristics and traditions.

All cemetery areas must have an original appearance. Burial places should tell the story of the virtues of living and departed people. Fences and flashy huge monuments are unacceptable (the height of the stone monument should be no more than 60 cm). It is recommended to install a small stone, a tombstone on the graves, arrange a green carpet of ground cover plants, and a border of trimmed bushes. This is what the existing cemeteries in Riga and Tallinn look like, where each grave is kept in exemplary order and preserved unity with nature, creating an atmosphere of tranquility. Each allocated area creates a piece of a harmonious whole, subject to general requirements.

Cemeteries are divided into ordinary civil (regular and forest), crematoria with columbariums and memorial ones.

They should be located no closer than 500...1000 m to the nearest residential areas, in quiet places, away from noise sources and have convenient transport connections with various areas of the city. The allocation of plots for cemeteries is carried out in agreement with local sanitary authorities, which have special requirements for soils. The most suitable are sands, sandy loams and loams at a depth of groundwater (at least 3 m from the ground surface) in the absence of sanitary-harmful factors (landfills, etc.). If necessary Allocating a site for a cemetery with high groundwater levels arranges drainage.

The size of the cemetery, based on the number of residents living in the city, is assumed to be 25 hectares per 100,000 city residents (together with buildings, squares and roads). 60% of the cemetery area is allocated directly for burial (for the graves of adults - 250...120 cm, for children under 10 years old - 150...75 cm). The distances between graves must be at least 1.0 m on the long side and at least 0.5 m on the short side.

The cemetery is divided into an area with burials; a square with a ritual building (for funeral services) and an administrative building; entrance area with parking lots (1000...5000 m2) and flower shops; economic territory with warehouses, greenhouses, workshops for making monuments, gravestone wreaths, etc. The width of the passages is accepted equal to 5.0...6.5 m, alleys -3.0...3.5 m, additional roads - 1.5...2.0 m.

The burial area is divided into sections or blocks (with an area of up to 0.5 hectares, areas containing 200...400 burials). The design of each burial site is decided individually. The site can be framed by a live (trimmed) hedge of brilliant cotoneaster, common barberry, alpine currant, western thuja, etc. At the burial site, flowering plants are recommended, such as daisy, viola, begonia, marigold, lobelia (preferably one color), or decorative -deciduous (sedum, irezine, alternanthera, cineraria), or lawn grasses, etc.

The general appearance of the cemetery, its architectural and spatial design are determined by the combination of natural and architectural elements and their harmonious relationship. When designing a cemetery, the nature of the territory is taken into account, existing plantings and relief, landscape features are preserved. When laying cemeteries in forested areas, work is carried out to form the landscape. At the same time, they leave behind the scenes of plantings along the roads, as well as along the boundaries of the territory (width - at least 10...15 m).

When organizing a cemetery in an open area, preliminary work is carried out to improve the territory - the area is landscaped before the official opening of the cemetery for burials. Forest cemeteries have a landscape character, preserving the existing plantings and topography as much as possible. Here the center of the composition is also highlighted, roads are traced, clearly dividing it into sections. Entrance and ritual areas are decorated strictly and ceremoniously - coniferous species are used with inclusions of decorative weeping forms of deciduous and coniferous species, flower beds, ridges, as well as ponds, pools, and sculpture.

The center of the composition of the cemetery territory should be a square with a ritual building or a central ritual square with a monument, a memorial column, a swimming pool, a parterre with flower beds, etc. It is recommended to create Farewell alleys, Sorrow alleys, platforms and places for short rest, place steles with memorial inscriptions, sculptures , drinking fountains.

Modern practice suggests a density of up to 1000...1200 burials per 1 hectare of cemetery territory. In large cities, for more economical use of the territory, it is recommended to build crematoriums. The construction of columbarium cemeteries does not require a sanitary gap zone (500 m), as for conventional cemeteries, which also significantly reduces the need for land area. In the territory In the crematorium, a columbarium (pavilion for storing urns), columbar walls (sometimes combining the task of a fence along the boundaries of the cemetery) are built, accepting for burial (depending on the architecture and design of the columbarium) from 14 to 100 thousand urns per 1 hectare.

In recent years, the mass attendance of cemeteries has increased, so they should be designed as original parks of quiet recreation with a clear architectural and planning solution, with expressive landscapes in short-term recreation areas, near honorary burials, and near the ritual building. Land exploration and rational planning of cemeteries are serious problems for large cities. For example, according to the Department of Public Utilities, there are cemeteries around and in the center of St. Petersburg, occupying an area of 1,500 hectares, the problem of improvement of which must be solved in such a way that in the future these territories will become either parks or architectural and historical reserves. It is necessary to identify the possibilities of using the territories of old, closed cemeteries for burials after cremation, since their liquidation is associated with the difficulties of reburials. The memorial complex as an element of the urban environment has a certain general cultural significance that influences public psychology. There is a living connection between times and generations here.

Sports equipment located on the street is an indispensable attribute of any site built during the period Soviet Union. In those days, they cared about the health of the nation, and today this initiative has found a second wind. Installed throughout the country outdoor sports equipment, thanks to which children from an early age can instill in themselves a love of sports and develop physically.

What is included in the category of sports equipment?

Since children do not yet understand the importance of sports, such activities should be presented to them in the form of a game. For this purpose, there are a variety of gaming simulators for kindergartens, schools and just for the street. They look interesting and arouse interest among the younger generation. Equipment for sports grounds often painted in bright colors to attract attention.

You can purchase these varieties from us adult and children's sports equipment:

built-in trampolines;
complex and simple sports complexes;
velodromes;
skate parks;
football and basketball courts;
tennis, chess and other tables;
simulators;
workout equipment;
dynamic structures;
sports modules and grounds;
and much more!

In each subcategory there are many different sports equipment of different directions, costs and dimensions. We can offer both small children's sports grounds, as well as full-scale parks for workout, cycling, skateboarding and other sports equipment. You can also find simulators for fulfilling GTO standards - another glorious tradition that has returned from oblivion and now benefits our children.

Children's sports: safety comes first!

Everyone knows that the playground is a rather dangerous place. What can we say about outdoor sports fields? Fortunately, today the problem of child injuries at such facilities has been practically solved. Modern equipment, which can be purchased in the New Park catalog, is created taking into account all potential dangers and situations in which children can harm their health. In the simulators, all moving parts are hidden in a casing so that the guys do not get their fingers or hair pinched. Sharp parts are rounded off or hidden under a covering of soft material, so that even in the event of an impact they do not leave significant damage.

It is also important to note that all specimens presented by us equipment for sports grounds have been double checked. The first - at the manufacturer. The second is at the warehouse of the New Park company, where we check every incoming shell. Therefore, you can always buy from us Sports Equipment for children with a quality guarantee. We care about our future - children - so we simply do not put on sale sports ground equipment that we doubt.

Faster, higher, stronger - this is no longer relevant. Now we can safely add the word “extreme” to this classic sports triad, because such sports are beginning to overtake classical sports in popularity. And today we will tell you about 8 of the best and most unusual extreme parks in the world.

In the Spanish city of Merida, no one is wondering what to do with young people so that they get off the streets and stop leading an antisocial lifestyle. A public space for young and active people appeared there - the Youth Factory extreme park.

designed for unemployed and carefree youth who are looking for a place to realize their abilities. Here you can practice extreme sports, for example, rollerblading, skateboarding, performing stunts on bicycles and rock climbing.

This complex also has a library, a computer lab, a conference room, a cinema and a lecture hall, where young children from the streets can get new buildings and even additional education.

China wouldn't be China if it didn't take aim at the world's largest skatepark. Street extreme sports are very developed in this country due to the large population and the relative cheapness of equipment. So, through the efforts of the authorities in the Celestial Empire, thousands of playgrounds for active youth are built every year.

The crown jewel of this street infrastructure is the SMP Skatepark in Shanghai. With a size of 13,700 square meters, it is the largest such sports center on Earth. That is why they are held on it major competitions both Chinese and world level.

The Skate Park House skate park in one of the districts of Tokyo has a much more modest size. The area of its active zone is less than two dozen square meters, but more is not needed. The fact is that these ramps are located inside a residential building.

Only one room is given over to the skate park at Skate Park House. Of course, this would not be enough for a professional skateboarder, but for children it is just right. Namely, this home sports facility was created for children's entertainment.

Excalibur - the world's largest climbing wall

Rock climbing differs favorably from mountaineering in that to practice this type extreme sports it is not at all necessary to go somewhere to the mountains - sites for it can be made in every locality, there would be a desire. The residents of the Dutch Groningen had it, and that’s why a climbing wall called Excalibur appeared there.

Excalibur - the world's largest climbing wall"]
Stretched into the sky, the 37-meter tall one looks like a giant sword sticking out of a stone. Actually, these are two different weapons of the legendary King Arthur, but this error does not bother visitors to the site. Moreover, people from all over the Netherlands and even other countries come to climb Excalibur, because it is the largest climbing wall in the world.

Excalibur - the world's largest climbing wall"]
There are times when you don’t need to leave the hotel at all to practice extreme sports. AND we're talking about not about Soviet-era hotels, where spending the night itself is dangerous, but about special hotels created for active people.

The first such hotel for extreme sports is planned to be built in Barcelona. The project, called Barcelona Rock, involves the construction of a multi-story building that will look like a rock. Therefore, mountaineers and climbers will be able to climb to the upper floors of this structure directly along the outer walls.

Inside Barcelona Rock there will be a swimming pool, a cinema, Gym and 50 rooms different levels comfort. But real extreme sports enthusiasts will be able to pitch tents on the artificial rock ledges of the Barcelona Rock Hotel for a modest fee.

Extreme sports enthusiasts from the British region of Wales are planning to build an artificial lake for surfing. Surf Snowdonia will be a 300-meter-long pool in which waves of different heights and amplitudes can be automatically created.

Weather in Wales all year round quite moderate, but most of the year sea water quite cold. And it will be heated. In addition, the future complex will have cafes, sports shops and playgrounds for children.

And if in Wales they are just planning to build an artificial lake for surfing, then in the city of Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates such a facility already actually exists. Moreover, this center of extreme water sports is located right in the middle of the desert.

The Wadi Adventure Center is designed for surfing and rafting enthusiasts, who can swim through a 200-meter pool with many dangerous branches, rapids and artificial underwater cliffs. And the main attraction of this water complex is a wave 3.3 meters high, which with a certain periodicity passes through the reservoir to the delight of the people in it.

And if in all other countries of the world rich people splurge as a demonstration of their status and opportunity, then in the UAE the latter is water. The Desert Aquatics Center is proof of this.

Waldseilgarten in Germany is the most extreme place for camping all over the world. Firstly, it is not so easy to get to. After all, on the way to this hotel a person will have to go through many tests - a rope park, trolls and other obstacles for extreme sports enthusiasts.

Secondly, the tents in Waldseilgarten are not on the ground, but above it. Some of them hang on the thick branches of centuries-old trees, and some are even attached to the rock at an altitude of 300 meters. Only people with the strongest nerves in the world, as well as with perfect coordination of movements, can spend the night in this place.

Tourists who find themselves in the Waldseilgarten have access to a very comfortable toilet and shower with hot water. But real extreme sports enthusiasts will probably ignore these benefits of civilization, giving preference to washing in a waterfall.