Cycling

Bicycle, from the Latin velox - fast and pes - leg. A non-motorized wheeled vehicle driven by a cyclist and designed to travel long distances, active rest And sports competitions. It is a two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicle for transportation, driven by 2 pedals through a chain drive. There are road bicycles for adults, teenagers, children, including folding, sports, including tandems, special ones - cargo, circus, bicycle strollers and others. A bicycle with an internal combustion engine is called a moped.
Velodrome comes from two words - bicycle and the Greek dromos - running, a place for running. This sports facility- open or indoor, for training and competitions in cycling, consists of a track with stands, auxiliary premises.
Cycling sports include track racing, road racing, cross-country racing, mountain biking, figure riding competitions and bicycle ball games - bicycle polo and bicycle ball. The main goal of cycling is to cover the competitive distance on bicycles as quickly as possible.
This sport originated in Europe in the 1860s.
The first major international competition there was a race over a distance of 120 km, held in 1869 in France along the Paris-Rouen route, the participants of which competed on wooden bicycles.
It has been included in the Olympic Games program since 1896 among men, and since 1984 among women - at first only men competed, and women were allowed to participate in road racing in 1984, in track racing since 1988. At the Olympic Games in the period from 1896 to 1924, the program of Olympic competitions was compiled arbitrarily: in some cases, races were included only on the track - 1900 and 1904, or only on the road - 1912.
The competition program began to be determined in 1928 and changed little until 1992. The program on the track included a standing round of 1000 m - this is where records are recorded, as well as a sprint race, individual and team pursuit races of 4000 m, group and team road races. Tandem track races were held between 1908 and 1972. Each national team could be represented by 15 riders, each declared athlete had the right to compete in any discipline. However, the competition regulations limited the number of starters: in the standing round, sprint race and individual track pursuit - one athlete each, in the group road race - four, in the 100 km team road race and team track pursuit - one team each four people
Team and group road racing have been held separately since 1960. Previously, in the team race, the sum of the results shown by the athletes of each of the participating countries in these competitions was counted. In the 1912 competition, the sum of four results was taken into account, and in the period from 1920 to 1956, the sum of three results was taken into account.
The program of the 1996 Olympic Games included new types of races for men and women - individual road racing and cross-country racing, and excluded team road racing. Thus, 14 sets of medals were played at the Olympic Games:
group road race in men and women;
individual time trial for men and women;
on the track - 1000 m standing round for men;
sprint race for men and women;
individual pursuit for men and women;
men's team pursuit;
points race for men and women;
mountain biking - cross-country for men and women.
The admission system has changed Olympic Games 1996: The total number of athletes is determined by the qualifying system and for road racing should be no more than 200 men and 60 women; on the track - 186 athletes for men and women, mountain biking - 50 men and 30 women.
World track racing championships have been held since 1893. World road racing championships have been held since 1921, and indoors since 1929.
The first world track cycling championships took place in 1893 in Chicago, USA, and the first road cycling championships took place in 1921 in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Cyclocross World Championships have been held since 1950. European Championships have been held only in indoor racing since 1930. IN International Union The UCI cyclists was founded in 1900. As of 1999, it included 167 countries. Until 1992, it included the International Amateur Cycling Federation - FIAC, which was founded in 1965, as well as International Federation professional cycling - FIKP. Since 1993, the division into amateur and professional federations has been recognized as inappropriate, and a single International Cycling Union has now been formed.

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RUSSIAN STATE SOCIAL UNIVERSITY

in the discipline "Physical Education"

"CYCLING AND HEALTH"

Prepared by: student

speciality

"State and municipal administration"

UFA - 2005

Introduction

1. History of cycling

2. History of the Tour de France

3. Domestic cycling

4. Development of the bicycle

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

HUMAN is a social being, representing the highest level of development of living organisms on Earth, possessing a complexly organized brain, consciousness and articulate speech. The essence of a person cannot be reduced to the features of his anatomical structure, for example, vertical position body, the specific structure of the limbs and the complex organization of the brain. Man with all his specific features is a product of socio-historical development. Moreover, it has not only its own social history, but also its own natural prehistory. The evolution of the anatomical and physiological structure of animals gradually prepared the possibility of a transition to the anatomical and physiological structure of humans. And the emergence of consciousness was prepared by the entire previous course of the natural history of the mental development of animals. The beginning of the manufacture of artificial tools marked the beginning of the emergence of man. And as a result of steadily developing labor activity, man not only modified nature, but also modified himself. Until, finally, over the course of hundreds of years, it reached the modern type of structure and turned into a new biological species called Homo Sapiens(reasonable person).

The highest anatomical and functional development of the brain and its cortex distinguishes humans from all animals. An expression of the special development of nervous (intellectual) activity in a person is the presence, in addition to the first signal system - a system of conditioned reflex connections formed under the direct influence of stimuli emanating from the external and internal environment, a second signal system consisting in the perception of speech, signals that replace the direct perception of the stimulus. The second signaling system underlies the thinking process that is unique to humans.

But this is not only a big plus, but also a minus of humanity. Civilization has made life so easy for man that all his formerly natural skills have acquired the character of something outstanding. The appearance of cars, trains and airplanes undoubtedly made it easier to travel, but they also took away the ability for people to move naturally.

More and more people are now fighting for healthy image life, since physical culture improves health, develops physical strength And motor abilities person. Big variety physical exercise, used in the process physical education, allow a person to be in good physical fitness and lead a healthy lifestyle. Sports such as running, skiing, swimming, cycling not only develop muscles, but also strengthen the spine, which makes it possible to avoid many diseases in the future with a high degree of probability. You can engage in any sport only for the purposes of active recreation, entertainment and health promotion and not set yourself the goal of achieving high results and participating in competitions.

Sports entertainment - walking, horseback riding, skiing, cycling and others must be strictly dosed depending on the state of health, age, fitness, meteorological and other conditions in which they are carried out.

Bicycle and recreational physical culture

According to the degree of influence on the body, all types of health-improving physical culture(depending on the structure of movements) can be divided into two large groups: exercises of a cyclic and acyclic nature.

Cyclic exercises are motor acts in which the same complete motor cycle is constantly repeated for a long time. Cycling, as well as walking, running, skiing, non-cycling, swimming, rowing, are among such exercises. But first we need to consider the history of the creation of the bicycle itself and the history of cycling.

1. History of cycling

Unlike many Olympic events sports, the history of which dates back thousands of years, cycling arose relatively recently - at the end of the 19th century. But before we talk about the origin and development of cycling, it would be appropriate to recall the history of the bicycle itself. The idea of ​​moving on wheels using human muscle power was born a long time ago. Various strollers, carts driven by a person on 4, 3 and 2 wheels appeared almost simultaneously in Germany, France, England and other countries. Russian craftsmen did not stand aside either. The first year of the 19th century was marked by the creation of the first two-wheeled all-metal bicycle. It was created by serf craftsman Efim Mikheevich Artamonov at the Nizhny Tagil factory. He “on the day of Elijah the Prophet in the year 1800 rode an outlandish bicycle along the streets of Yekaterinburg,” and in 1801. I got to Moscow on my scooter, covering more than 5 thousand off-road distances. km. In the capital, he showed his brainchild during the coronation of the king, for which he was freed from serfdom. The “newborn” weighed more than 40 kg. But the craftsman was not helped. A patent for the invention was not issued. Chroniclers of bicycle history consider the invention of the German forester Karl von Dries from Mannheim to be the ancestor of the modern bicycle machine. In 1814 he built his own wooden two-wheeled bicycle, which had a steerable front wheel and could move in any direction.

In 1817, Karl von Dries received a patent in Germany for the invention of the bicycle. Further improvements to the bicycle took place in Western Europe and America.

The official date for the start of cycling competitions is considered to be May 31, 1868, when a 2,000m race was organized in the alleys of the park in the Parisian suburb of Saint-Cloud. Its winner was the Englishman J. Moore, who the following year triumphantly finished the 120 km Paris-Rouen bicycle road race, which was held for the first time. The winner, Englishman Moore, completed the distance in 10 hours 45 minutes, i.e. at the speed of a pedestrian athlete. Subsequently, the speed of the bicycle was increased to 30 km/h. The inventors enlarged the front wheel and reduced the rear one. These machines were called "spiders". However, riding them was not safe. At the slightest push, the bicycle would tip over and the rider would jump over the handlebars. In 1885 on such a bicycle Thomas Stevens accomplished trip around the world, moving at a speed of 60 km per day. At the same time as the “spiders”, another model of bicycle, called the “kangaroo”, began to spread. For the first time, a chain drive was used, and the increase in speed was achieved by the ratio of gears. Further improvement of the bicycle proceeded very quickly. A real revolution in this matter occurred in 1885, when the Scottish veterinarian Denlop invented and used a hollow pneumatic tire. Pneumatic tires were the innovation that the bicycle needed for its final recognition. in a convenient way movement.

Since 1870, the construction of tracks has begun in various cities in France, Italy, Great Britain and other countries. In 1890 In cycling, there are several categories of riders: professionals, amateurs and independents. With the advent of pneumatic tires, bicycle racing became widespread not only on the track, but also on the road. In 1891 The traditional road race Bordeaux-Paris (600 km) was started. The first world track championship for amateur athletes was organized in Chicago in 1893. Since 1895 The world championships for professional sprinters begin to take place. At the end of the 19th century, six-day track racing was especially popular. The first such race was organized in 1896. in America. And the first world road championships for amateurs began to be held in 1921. at 190km; for professional racers - in 1927. at 185km; among women in 1958 The most significant road race is the professional race around France, the Tour de France. It took place for the first time in 1903, the total length is 5,000 km. The conditions of this ultra-distance race change every year, and the stages are also subject to change.

Cycling- one of the few disciplines that has been represented at all modern Olympic Games. Moreover, for the participants of the Games of the First Olympiad in Athens, a track was built that largely met modern standards. April 8, 1896 The first Olympic starts were given, in which cyclists from 5 European countries took part. The competition program included 5 types of racing on the track and one on the road. The achievement of the French athlete P. Masson, who became a three-time champion at one Olympics, is unique. At the time of this First Olympics, there was no International Cycling Union (UIU), it would appear only in 1900, but representatives of the International Union of Working Cyclists "Solidarity" showed an enviable persistent initiative to include cycling races in the program. For a long time the organizers of the games drew up the competition program at their own discretion, sometimes organizing races only on the track, as was the case in 1900, 1904. (the results of the 1904 competition, in which only US athletes participated, were not included in the official protocols of the Olympic Games), or only on the highway, as in 1912. In 1908-1972 There were track races on tandems. Modern competition regulations in general outline began to be defined in 1928. Women participated in the Olympics for the first time in 1984. At the first Olympic Games, cyclists from France and Great Britain led the way, then they were joined by athletes from Denmark, Italy, Germany, and the USSR. At the Olympic Games in Atlanta in 1996. cyclists pedaled in pursuit of medals on the highway, on the track and on the roads of Atlanta. For the first time in the history of the Olympic Games joined Mountain bike, which is characterized by wide wheels.

Mountain biking was invented about 20 years ago by hippies in northern California, and in the past, Americans were the best at the sport. The cross-country race took place through the hills and groves of the riding park. For the first time, professionals were allowed to participate in the Games. Each type of competition uses different types bikes, and models for track and road racing can cost up to $4,500.

A road bike can have up to 14 gears and is equipped with top-notch brakes. A track bike has only one gear and no brakes. The speed of cyclists on a track on rounded sides can reach 64.5 km per hour. The first portable Stone Mountain track was built in Atlanta. The fight for first place is always very intense: in 1964, for example, only 0.16 seconds separated the winner from the athlete who took 51st place; and in 1976, a team from West Germany won the 4K pursuit because the athletes filled their bicycle tires with lighter helium rather than air. One of the most noticeable phenomena Olympic movement V last decades is the constant expansion of program types. By the beginning of the 90s, new types of cycling sports gained mass popularity - mountain biking (mountain biking), triathlon, and a number of disciplines of the track competition program. This trend is also affecting the women's cycling program. At the XXVII Olympic Games in Sydney in 2000. The cycling competition program was expanded to 18 types, of which 7 sets of medals were competed between women.

2. History of the Tour de France

It is little known that the famous bicycle race Tour de France was born as a result of a major political scandal that divided all of France. The roots of this story go back to 1894. French army officer Alfred Dreyfus was sentenced to life imprisonment for passing classified information to the German military attache in Paris. The liberal public considered the case to be fabricated and demanded the immediate release of Dreyfus, with which many did not agree. In the camp supporting Dreyfus was Pierre Giffard, owner sports magazine Le Velo. In another, Count Dion, an industrialist who owned a bicycle factory. Dion advertised his products mainly in Le Velo. Political differences made Giffard and Dion enemies. Subsequently, this enmity resulted in the creation of the Tour de France, since their quarrel ended in a severance of commercial contacts.

Dion responded by creating his own magazine, also dedicated to cycling. The new magazine needed advertising, and Dion's assistant, Lefebvre, proposed tripling bicycle mileage throughout France. The entire race will consist of six stages with a total length of about 2428 km.

On July 1, 1903, 60 cyclists (21 professionals and 39 amateurs) set off to ride the roads of France.

3. Domestic cycling

The first-born bicycle was born in our country. But the invention of the serf master Artamonov did not find application. And therefore, the first bicycles that appeared in Russia in the late 60s of the 19th century were products of factories in England and Germany. In 1880 The St. Petersburg city government registered about 100 bicycles, and 2 years later they appeared in Moscow. They were of little use for cobblestone pavements. In addition, riding them in the city was strictly prohibited.

The first official competition was held in Moscow on July 24, 1883. at two distances of 1.5 and 7.5 versts. In fact, they were international in nature. American, Austrian and English athletes took part in the competition. The year 1883 is celebrated as the date of birth of cycling in Russia. The second most important competition for the development of domestic cycling was the competition that took place on September 23, 1884. on Tsarskoe Lugu (Champion of Mars) in St. Petersburg. These performances accelerated the creation of the Moscow and St. Petersburg societies of amateur cyclists.

Already in 1882 The first Russian cycling society was created in St. Petersburg. Soon the Moscow Society of Amateur Cyclists and the Moscow Cyclists Club arose. By the end of the 80s, cycling societies had been created in other cities of Russia, and cycling circles were in many provincial and district cities. In 1896 among cycling enthusiasts, Muscovites saw L.N. Tolstoy. The 70-year-old writer had excellent command of the car. Admirers gave him a bicycle with silver spokes.

In 1886 The first design of a modern bicycle with wheels of the same diameter and a chain drive on the rear wheel appeared. The cities of Riga, Kyiv, and Odessa have become centers of cycling life. At first, competitions were held at hippodromes and highways. Later, cyclodromes (tracks) were built at the expense of society and large entrepreneurs. In 1891 A track covered with cement was built in Moscow. In St. Petersburg there was a wooden track 250 m long, which was assembled in half an hour. In Odessa in 1894. The first bicycle track with an asphalt surface, 360 m long, was built.

The most important event in sports life The hoax appeared in Russia in 1891. title "First Rider of Russia". It was called the first "All-Russian Championship". The strongest racers from St. Petersburg, Kyiv, and Odessa gathered in Moscow. The program included a race at a distance of 7.5 miles, which was then considered a classic. Similar competitions were later held in 1892-1894. in Moscow. In 1894 for the first time an interesting marathon was held from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod, but the highway turned out to be so broken that only two athletes reached the Volga.

In 1895 The most difficult and longest race St. Petersburg - Moscow is born. The winner was the strong-willed and resilient racer M. Dzevochko. Thus, from the 1896 World Championships, held in Copenhagen, he returned second in the 100 km leadership race and took first places in the 1 and 10 mile races.A. Pankratov has the priority of the first Russian cyclist, who accomplished in 1911-1913. d. a trip around the world along a route officially approved by the International Cycling Union. A. Butylkin, G. Vashkevich, P. Ippolitov, S. Utochkin - all these athletes became the pride of our cycling.

The bicycle racing fever that swept Western Europe and America at the end of the 19th century spread to Russia. The spectators willingly went to the bike races. Cycling was at its height of glory. But here large trading companies intervened in the profitable business. They bought up the best riders and turned cycling competitions into a purely commercial enterprise, the trade machinations being transferred entirely to sports arena. Sports interest disappears, racing ceases to attract spectators.

After the October Revolution (1917), the Tula track remained the only functioning “bicycle island” in the country. In 1918 Tula provincial Olympic Committee together with the Moscow Cyclists Club organized the first championship in Tula Soviet Russia. This marked the beginning of the development of cycling in the RSFSR. In the 20s, the following events took place: the first race along the Moscow Garden Ring, which was then still paved with large cobblestones, the first meeting of racers from Moscow and Petrograd, the first championship of Siberia, the All-Ukrainian Olympics in Kharkov, the first national championship held in 1923. at the Moscow Hippodrome: competitions on the track, and on the highway - in 1928. The All-Union Spartakiad of 1928 gave a sharp impetus to the development of Soviet cycling. (The winner of the sprint race, A. Kupriyanov, served as vice-president of USI and FIAC for many years). August 12, 1937 The first Soviet multi-day race started in Moscow. Russian cyclists competed on the Olympic track for the first time in Stockholm in 1912. Of the 12 riders, only one cyclist completed the 320-kilometer race, he was 60th. In 1926 Russian riders took part in matches with foreign athletes- members of workers' sports organizations. Then our cyclists convincingly won the competitions in Paris and Bermen. However, the official account of performances on the international stage was opened only in the 50s, after the recognition of our riders by the International Cycling Union in 1952. And he joined the International Amateur Cycling Federation of the USSR in 1965. The first Soviet world record holder in the 1km track race on the move was R. Vargashkin. The Olympic debut of Soviet riders took place in 1952, but was unsuccessful. For the bitterness of the first failures came the joy of the first victories. The first Soviet Olympic champion became V. Kapitonov in cycling. In 1976 and 1980 The USSR national team became the Olympic champion in the team road race, and S. Sukhoruchenkov celebrated the victory in the 189 km group race. At the 1988 Olympic Games. Soviet cyclists won 4 gold medals, with A. Kirichenko winning the round - a program number in which our masters had never before climbed to the top step of the Olympic podium. It should also be noted the victory of Erika Salumäe from Tallinn, who competed for the USSR team, in the sprint race for women, included for the first time in Olympic program. In 1996 Zulfiya Zabirova (photo) won Russian gold in the individual time trial.

Currently, in order to compete on an equal footing with the leading cycling countries, it is necessary, according to experts, to delegate as many Russian cyclists as possible to foreign professional teams or create their own professional teams, solving funding issues at the state level. Those who go out on the tracks will never say “cyclist” about each other, they won’t even say “athlete”. They will certainly say the word “racer”, because for them a racer is a synonym for the word “fighter”. This title is a great honor and must be earned.

4. Development of the bicycle

The history of the development of the bicycle has gone through several stages. First there was the so-called low bicycle, it was replaced by a high one, and then again gave way to a low one. The bicycle really began to improve at the beginning of the 19th century. However, structures with wheels, intended for a person to move them independently, were mentioned already in the 15th century. Thus, the Meiningen Chronicle of 1447 tells of a moving device driven by a driver.

In 1761, the cart worker Michael Kasler “galloped” 2 km from Brausdorf (Magdeburg district) to the village of Bedra (current name Brausbedra). His car consisted of two wooden wheels covered with steel hoops, which were connected by a bench for a seat. Her weight must have been approximately 125kg.

Way to modern bicycle was laid only in 1817 by Ludwig Dreis. On his 2.4 m long scooter with 30 inch wheels, he introduced an innovation - a steerable front wheel. With this car, Dries managed to cover the distance from Leipzig to Dresden (111 km) in 7 hours.

In 1860, Pierre Michaud, a coachmaker from Paris, while repairing an old scooter, installed two pedals on the front wheels. Within two years, such machines began to be mass-produced under the name “bicycle” (“velo” - fast, “ped” - leg).

Michaud's discovery finally established the bicycle. New improvements began to appear. If before that bicycles were made mainly of wood, then in the next 10 years the wheels were covered with thick rubber, and tubes began to be used for frames and hollow forks.

In 1870, the Englishman Hillman began selling the first all-metal high-wheel bicycles. The size of the front wheel, as a rule, was 54 inches (modern wheels are 27 inches, exactly half as much).

In 1885, the Englishman Starley made the so-called “Rover” - the first low bicycle with a chain drive. He weighed about 20kg. In 1888, Irishman Danlop invented and commercialized air-filled tires. From this moment on, the real flourishing of the two-wheeled bicycle begins. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, there were about a million cyclists in the world.

The first cyclist competitions took place in Paris in 1868. In 1875, the first world record for one English mile (1660m) was set for a tall bicycle (2 minutes 55 seconds). In 1876, the first unofficial world record for travel distance was set (in 1 hour - 25,508 km). The official record in this type, set in 1893 by the Frenchman Desgrange, was already 32.325 km. In 1893, at the Vienna-Berlin road race, a distance of 591 km was covered in 32 hours 22 minutes.

Gear-chain transmission began to be used at the turn of the century. It consisted of a drive gear connected to levers and a driven gear located on the rear wheel hub. Connected by a chain, they made up the transmission. At first, such transmission on bicycles was made rigid. It was necessary to pedal every meter covered, even when descending a mountain. Idling made it possible not to move the legs if no additional effort was required during movement. By replacing the drive or driven gear, the gear ratio could be adjusted, which opened the way to changing speeds.

Subsequently, the rear wheel hub began to be made so that sprockets of various sizes could be screwed onto it on the left and right. Thanks to this, it became possible to tighten rear wheel, replace the transmission. In the 30s, the first speed switch was developed, which, however, did not provide sufficient reliability (the chain was too tight or, conversely, fell off). Later, this unit was redesigned and a modern parallel-type speed switch appeared. The drive gear is made of two or even three disks. A special switch made it possible to transfer the chain from one disk to another on the fly. As a result, a modern cyclist with two driving discs and five driven discs can have ten speeds. Over the past 30 years, bicycle components and parts have improved significantly. Many parts of a bicycle such as handlebars, steering column, rims, pedals, gears, brakes, are made today from light metals. Recently, they began to make the frame from light metals and entirely glued together. Flexible bicycle tires (or tubes) have become lighter due to significant improvements in road surfaces. Current road tubes weigh between 250 and 330g. Assembled from these parts racing car weighs from 9 to 9.5 kg, that is, it is 2-3 kg lighter than conventional racing cars.

5. The structure of a modern sports bike

A racing bicycle is a complex machine consisting of many components. It is very important that they all work properly and, above all, that a bicycle intended for street riding is properly equipped. Each detail has its purpose, and the cyclist must know it.

Drawing - Road racing bike

Before examining individual parts in detail, its main components should be named.

Main components of the bicycle:

Frame (head tube - 1, slant tube - 2, frame seat tube - 3, horizontal frame tube - 4, rear fork - 5, front fork - 6, handlebar (stem - 7), saddle (leather-covered saddle frame - 8, seat post - 9), driving mechanism (carriage with two pedals, connecting rods and large gears - 10), pedals (pedals with toe clips - 11), wheels (hub, rims, spokes, nipples, tires (tubes), gears - 12), brakes (front and rear brakes with flexible gear and brake levers - 13), various parts (chain - 14, rear derailleur - 15, front derailleur - 16, front and rear derailleur coin - 17, pump and its mounting device - 18, generator with lamp - 19, brake light - 20, bell - 21, spare tire - 22).

Road and track racing bicycles differ markedly from each other in design and production technology. A track car, which is never driven on the street, has no brakes, no idle, no gear shift and no lights. It is equipped with special track wheels and tires. The spokes of the track wheels at the intersection points are wrapped with wire and soldered. This increases the strength of the wheels. There are differences in the strength and design of the frame, and the steepness of the fork.

Proper riding position is important for a rider. Depending on the angle at which they will work knee joints, hips and feet, the ability of the muscles to exert maximum effort depends on the position of the torso and arms. Body position also affects the position of internal organs (lungs, digestive organs). Extending or flexing your joints too much or too little will prevent you from developing maximum power. The correct fit is determined by the relative position of the legs, hips and arms, the size of the frame, the height of the saddle and handlebars.

For some types of road and track racing, as well as in certain situations in training and competition, special types of landings are used.

Before you start riding a bike, you need to learn correct landing, corresponding to the body type: height, length of legs, arms and torso. From time to time, as growth increases, the fit must be checked and adjusted. The correct fit depends on the size of the frame, the installation of the saddle and handlebars, and the selection of pedal cranks.

The saddle can be moved vertically, forwards and backwards and can be adjusted to the desired angle. Saddle height is measured from the midpoint of the bottom bracket axle to the middle of the seat surface. Typically the saddle is installed parallel to the frame. Its tip should not be directed up or down. There are three options for setting the saddle height.

First option. The cyclist sits straight on the saddle, with the heel of his outstretched leg resting on the pedal, which is in the lower position.

Second option. One of the pedals is set to the lowest position. While sitting upright on the saddle, place your toe under the pedal so that your entire foot is parallel to the ground.

Third option. The length of the arms usually corresponds to the length of the legs and vice versa, therefore, the position of the saddle can be determined by the length of the arms. This option is used when the saddle needs to be installed very quickly. Bend over the frame so that your outstretched arm makes an angle of 90° with the longitudinal axis of the bicycle. Bend your knees until the saddle is in the armpit of your outstretched arm. In this case, the saddle is installed at such a height that the middle finger of the hand is at the level of the carriage axis. You should not lean your shoulder over the saddle. It should fit right under the armpit.

The height of the handlebars is set depending on the height of the saddle. When reinstalling the steering wheel in height, the fastening bolt is unscrewed 3-4 turns. The handlebars should always be positioned slightly lower than the surface of the saddle: for road riding - 1-2cm, for track racing - 2-4cm. The distance from the saddle to the handlebars corresponds to the length of the arm from the elbow to the tips of the fingers. Standing next to the bicycle, place your elbow on the tip of the saddle. The outstretched fingers should touch the cross tube of the handlebars near the stem.

Brakes and their flawless operation are crucial for the safety of the cyclist and other riders. Brake noses, mounted in the brake levers, transmit hand force to the brake calipers and shoe holders. Rubber pads press on the rims on both sides and brake the wheels. The braking force is adjusted by pressing your hand. The brake pads should always be in good order and the caliper screws should be securely tightened. When free, the rubber of the brake pads should be at a distance of 2 - 3mm from the rim. When tightened, the rubber of the brake pads should be in contact with the entire surface of the rim.

The steering wheel consists of a front support and rivers that can be rotated during installation. The ends of the handlebars (with caps to prevent damage if dropped) are installed approximately parallel to the ground. The pipe, handles and ends of the steering wheel, with the exception of the brake levers, are wrapped with adhesive tape, and sometimes covered with colorless varnish.

6. The effect of cycling on the body

The effect of cycling on the body is very positive and broadly directed. Firstly, the musculoskeletal system is strengthened, secondly, the cardiovascular system, thirdly, it helps to correct the figure and replenish muscle mass.

Today the bicycle can be considered not only the most effective way health promotion, but also the most accessible. Whatever sport you choose for yourself as an alternative to exercise equipment, you will still have to sweat - both in the literal and figurative sense of the word. The result is a toned, athletic figure. Like any species physical activity Cycling, as the most popular way to stay fit today, has its pros and cons.

PROS. Can be considered an endurance exercise, mainly developing bottom part, or rather, the hips and buttocks. Also tightens back surface hips, practically not involved in many other types physical activity. Anti-cellulite effect from cycling.

MINUSES. They are like an extension of virtues. The bike is not recommended for those who are not interested in increasing their hip size. The figure of a cyclist is characterized by some hypertrophy in this area. If you pedal too hard, you can also pump up your calves. Previously, there was the possibility of gynecological consequences of this sport, but now there are special seats for women.

Conclusion

Today, a bicycle can be considered not only the most effective way to improve health, but also the most affordable. In addition, with its help you can strengthen the musculoskeletal system, and cardiovascular system, and correct your figure and replenish muscle mass. In addition to this, there is a purely aesthetic feeling when traveling both around the city and its parks, and in the lap of nature.

For any type of physical culture, consistency and consistency are important. That is why it is advisable to combine a bicycle at the end of the summer with skiing or exercise on an exercise bike.

Literature

1. A.V. Mashkov “Fundamentals of therapeutic physical culture”.

2. V.E. Vasiliev “Therapeutic physical culture”.

3. S.L. Axelrod “Sport and Health”

4. Magazines "Men'sHealth" for 2004-2005.

5. Materials from websites

6. http://www.sport-express.ru/art. shtml? 68077

7. http://www.x-team.ru/? Filtr9=1&TextView&ID=129

8. http://www.infosport.ru/panorama/cycling/history. htm - Material prepared by the Historical and Sports Museum of the Russian State Academy of Sports and Sports

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Abstract on the topic:

Cycling

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Cycling disciplines
  • 1.1 Cycling highway
  • 1.2 Cyclocross
  • 1.3 Track cycling
  • 1.4 Mountain bike
  • 1.5 Trial
  • 1.6 BMX
• 2 History
Sources

Introduction

Road bike

Cycling(in the broad sense of the word) is movement on the ground using Vehicle(bicycles) driven by human muscle power.

Cycling sports (cycling) includes such disciplines as track racing, road racing, cross-country racing, mountain biking, competitions in figure riding and playing ball on bicycles - bicycle polo and bicycle ball, etc. Cycling is also part of such a sport as triathlon. The main goal of racing disciplines is to cover the distance as quickly as possible.

As a sport, cycling is governed by the International Cycling Union, based in Switzerland. In Russia, similar functions are performed by the Russian Cycling Federation.

1. Cycling disciplines

Bicycle Racer (1909)

1.1. Cycling highway

Olympic events:

• group race
• individual race

Non-Olympic events:

• team race
• stage race
• uphill race
• criterion

1.2. Cyclocross

• group race
• individual race

1.3. Cycling track

• sprint is a race on a track for two or three laps, in which two to four riders take part. The winner in each specific race is the one who crosses the finish line first.
• team sprint
• individual pursuit
• team pursuit
• points race
• round (individual race for 1 km, 500 m or 200 m)
• Madison (pair race)
• keirin
• scratch (group race)
• omnium (all-around)

1.4. Mountain bike

• cross country XC
  • Olympic Cross Country: XCO
  • Marathon Cross Country: XCM
  • Cross-country distance from one point to another: XCP (from one point to another)
  • Short Circuit Cross Country: XCC (Criterium)
  • Cross Country Time Trial: XCT (Time Trial)
  • Cross Country Team Relay: XCR (Team Relay)
  • Cross Country Stage Race: XCS (Stage Race)
• downhill
• biker cross
• freeride

1.5. Trial

1.6. BMX

• BMX race
• BMX dirt
• BMX-vert
• Flatland

2. History

1869 - first held official competitions. They took place in France, the distance ran between Rouen and Paris (120 km). The participants' bicycles were made of wood back then. The winner managed to achieve average speed approximately 11 km/h.

1893 - the world track championship was held for the first time (Chicago).

1921 - the world championship was held on the road for the first time (Copenhagen).

1896 - Cycling is included in the Olympic Games program.

1911-1913 - first trip around the world on a bicycle (A. Pankratov, Russia)

Sources

• Article in TSB

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This abstract is based on an article from Russian Wikipedia. Synchronization completed 07/09/11 21:02:08
Similar abstracts:

Cycling

Bicycle, from the Latin velox - fast and pes - leg. A non-motorized wheeled vehicle driven by a rider - a cyclist, and intended for movement over long distances, active recreation and sports competitions. It is a two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicle for transportation, driven by 2 pedals through a chain drive. There are road bicycles for adults, teenagers, children, including folding, sports, including tandems, special ones - cargo, circus, bicycle strollers and others. A bicycle with an internal combustion engine is called a moped.
Velodrome comes from two words - bicycle and the Greek dromos - running, a place for running. This sports facility - open or indoor, for training and competitions in cycling, consists of a track with stands and auxiliary premises.
Cycling sports include track racing, road racing, cross-country racing, mountain biking, figure riding competitions and bicycle ball games - bicycle polo and bicycle ball. The main goal of cycling is to cover the competitive distance on bicycles as quickly as possible.
This sport originated in Europe in the 1860s.
The first major international competition was a 120 km race, held in 1869 in France along the Paris-Rouen route, in which participants competed on wooden bicycles.
It has been included in the Olympic Games program since 1896 among men, and since 1984 among women - at first only men competed, and women were allowed to participate in road racing in 1984, in track racing since 1988. At the Olympic Games in the period from 1896 to 1924, the program of Olympic competitions was compiled arbitrarily: in some cases, races were included only on the track - 1900 and 1904, or only on the road - 1912.
The competition program began to be determined in 1928 and changed little until 1992. The program on the track included a standing round of 1000 m - this is where records are recorded, as well as a sprint race, individual and team pursuit races of 4000 m, group and team road races. Tandem track races were held between 1908 and 1972. Each national team could be represented by 15 riders, each declared athlete had the right to compete in any discipline. However, the competition regulations limited the number of starters: in the standing round, sprint race and individual track pursuit - one athlete each, in the group road race - four, in the 100 km team road race and team track pursuit - one team each four people
Team and group road racing have been held separately since 1960. Previously, in the team race, the sum of the results shown by the athletes of each of the participating countries in these competitions was counted. In the 1912 competition, the sum of four results was taken into account, and in the period from 1920 to 1956, the sum of three results was taken into account.
The program of the 1996 Olympic Games included new types of races for men and women - individual road racing and cross-country racing, and excluded team road racing. Thus, 14 sets of medals were played at the Olympic Games:
group road race for men and women;
individual time trial for men and women;
on the track - 1000 m standing round for men;
sprint race for men and women;
individual pursuit for men and women;
men's team pursuit;
points race for men and women;
mountain biking - cross-country for men and women.
The admission system for the 1996 Olympic Games has changed: the total number of athletes is determined by the qualifying competition system and for road racing should be no more than 200 men and 60 women; on the track - 186 athletes for men and women, mountain biking - 50 men and 30 women.
World track racing championships have been held since 1893. World road racing championships have been held since 1921, and indoor racing since 1929.
The first world track cycling championships took place in 1893 in Chicago, USA, and the first road cycling championships took place in 1921 in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Cyclocross World Championships have been held since 1950. European Championships have been held only in indoor racing since 1930. The International Cycling Union (UCI) was founded in 1900. As of 1999, it included 167 countries. Until 1992, it included the International Amateur Cycling Federation - FIAC, which was founded in 1965, as well as the International Federation of Professional Cycling - FICP. Since 1993, the division into amateur and professional federations has been recognized as inappropriate, and a single International Cycling Union has now been formed.

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Type of lesson: learning new material using modern ICT.

Lesson type: learning new knowledge.

Lesson objectives:

• Educational: introduce students to the history of the creation of bicycles, the variety of types of bicycles, traffic rules for cyclists, and safe places to ride bicycles.
• Educational: development of cognitive interest through the use of ICT; awareness of the problem of danger to life if the rules are not followed traffic; broadening the horizons of students.
• Educational: instilling road safety culture skills and the ability to assess the degree of risk on the road.

Equipment: computer, cards for testing and consolidating knowledge.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

Minute of safety “What do I know about the rules of behavior on the roads?” (updating existing knowledge).

Students are given cards with test tasks. Children write down their answers, then exchange cards and check each other’s work (mutual check). Then the work is handed over to the teacher.

Teacher's opening speech: A minute of safety gave us the opportunity to find out what we know about the rules of the road. The fact is that we are increasingly learning sad statistics about road accidents involving children. Knowing the rules of the road is one of the main ways to preserve life and health. What type of transport do you like? Guess the riddle:

I don't look like a horse
And I have a saddle.
There are knitting needles, but they, admittedly,
Not suitable for knitting!
Not an alarm clock, not a tram
But I'm calling, so you know! (bike)

II. Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson: “Traffic rules for cyclists” (record the topic of the lesson in notebooks). Slide 1.

• History of the bicycle.

(Slide 2)

The word “bicycle” means “fast-footed” - a very popular means of transportation among children. The invention of the first self-propelled cart was the forester of Prince Bademsky, the officer Baron Drez. The baron had great passion to mechanics. One day Drez made and rode down the street on a narrow wooden bench with two heavy wheels. With his feet, Drez pushed off the ground, accelerated, and for several seconds the heavy cart rolled on its own. Two years later, in 1815, a message appeared in the newspapers that the mechanic Drez was driving his “car”. Having seen this invention, Emperor Alexander I approved this invention and Dres was awarded the title of professor of mechanics.

The first two-wheeled bicycle was invented in Russia in 1801 by master Artamonov. And it was called a SCOOTER. It was made entirely of iron, weighed 40 kg and rolled itself, if, of course, the rider turned the pedals attached to the large front wheel.

The brilliant inventor Kulibin also worked on solving a similar problem. In 1791, he made a cart, the two wheels of which were turned using foot levers by a driver standing on the back of the cart. She could lead three riders. It's really quite slow.

In one of the French workshops, mechanic Pierre Michaud in 1855 attached a pair of pedals to the front wheel in the same way as pedals are now installed in children's tricycles. Many new possibilities immediately emerged. The car did not fall or tip over. The rider maintained his balance: the wheels were spinning like giant tops. Michaud dubbed it a bicycle. But the Americans called her a “bone shaker.” The car was shaking, heavy, and had an excessively tight ride.

Inventors began to make the bicycle lighter. In 1897, the bicycle was equipped with the last major improvement - a freewheel mechanism. Since then, cyclists can relax without getting off their bike. It is enough to accelerate, and then you can go further without turning the pedals. The bicycle will move by inertia, of course not for very long.

This is how the bicycle became the bicycle in its current form. No words, long way. But the invention turned out to be a success.

By 1920, the bicycle had become the main means of transport for workers, office workers, postmen and doctors. Bicycle means “fast-footed”. Modern bicycles fully justify this name.

• What types of bicycles are there?

(Slides 3–4)

There are many bicycles, and they are very different:

– road bike Designed for travel on normal roads. It's convenient, but not very fast. Almost all the guys have one;
– road bike – for traveling long distances on the highway, it is light and fast;
- Mountain bike– for off-road travel, for descending from the mountains. It is strong and reliable;
– touring and folding bike– convenient for travel, which you can take with you by easily folding it in half;
– racing bike– for sports cycling races;
tandem– this is a bicycle for two or three people, with seats for each;
- water bicycle– you can sail on it through the water, turning the pedals, like on a catamaran;
– unicycle– needed in the circus for tricks. Seems. That the stuntman sits on the wheel itself. And the clown bicycle goes both forward and backward. It will feature circus clowns making the audience laugh;
– railway bicycle- This is a four-wheeled cart with pedals for moving along rails. Such bicycles are used on closed scenic railway lines for the entertainment of tourists.

• Bicycle records.

(Slides 5–6)

Scientists have calculated that you can ride a bicycle four times faster than walking. And it uses four times less energy than walking or running. If a person can walk fifty kilometers until he gets very tired, then he can walk as much as two hundred kilometers!

Several sports tourists have cycled around the world, circumnavigating the globe.

Most fastest record Speed ​​on a bicycle was shown in 2001 by racer Sem. On a bicycle of a special design, which was called “Varna Diablo” (Varna is a city, the year it was made, and Diablo means that it is fast), he accelerated on a flat highway without hills to a speed of 126 kilometers per hour! It was a real and honest record.

And six years earlier, in 1995, the Dutchman Fred Rompelberg set a record of 268 kilometers per hour. But this was not a completely fair record, because the cyclist was accelerating while tied by a cable to a fast car.

• Rules for cyclists.

(Slide 7)

Teacher: You don’t need special permission to ride a bicycle. They are designed for driving on roads with different surfaces. These are machines capable of trouble-free operation on any road, under various climatic conditions, they have a long service life. Cyclists, like motorists, are considered equal road users. These fully apply to all provisions of the Traffic Rules. But we must not forget that a bicycle is the most dangerous type of transport, since it is not stable when moving, and the cyclist is not protected, like a car driver, by a body or cabin.

A bicycle is a simple and convenient machine. Some children, without truly studying the car, without learning how to drive it properly, without knowing the rules of the road, are in a hurry to go out into the streets and roads with heavy traffic and find themselves in a difficult situation. In such cases, they are often responsible for road accidents. Therefore, before going on the road, a cyclist must study the bike well, learn how to drive it and thoroughly study and know the rules of the road.

• The bicycle driver is allowed: (Slide 8)

– children can ride a bike only in closed areas: in courtyards, parks and stadiums;
– only children on children’s bicycles are allowed to ride on the sidewalks under the supervision of adults;
– before going outside, you need to check whether the bike’s brakes, steering wheel, horn are in working order, the tires are inflated, and the chain is tensioned. The technical condition of the bicycle must be checked daily;
– if you need to cross the road, get off the bike, holding it by the handlebars, walk along pedestrian crossing. Trying to cross the road on a bicycle can end very badly;
– you can ride a bicycle only on those roads where there is a special sign in a blue circle “Bicycle path” – belongs to the group of permit signs (Slide 9) ;
– you can only transport children under 7 years of age, provided that your bicycle has an additional seat installed;
– a cyclist, moving along the street, must carefully monitor all signals given by drivers of other vehicles. The cyclist himself signals with his hands. Before braking, you need to raise your hand up;
– when going on a bike ride, inform your elders about the intended route. Then you can count on quick help in case of bicycle repair;

• The bicycle driver is prohibited from: (Slide 10)

– Until the age of 14, you cannot ride a bicycle on roads and streets. In the yard - please, but without going onto the road;
– arrange races on the road, a racing game;
– operation of bicycles if there are technical malfunctions: the brake system, the steering wheel is not secured, the wheel is bent. Tires are poorly inflated;
– movement of student cyclists in the dark;
– transport objects or cargo that protrude 0.5 meters in length and width beyond the dimensions of the bicycle and may interfere with control;
– towing bicycles and mopeds; in any place on the streets and roads, the bicycle driver is obliged to give way to blind pedestrians signaling with a white cane;
– is strictly prohibited– cling to passing vehicles and ride a bicycle holding the handlebars with one hand or without hands.

Remember guys! sign in a red circle – “ Bicycle traffic forbidden ”. (Slide 11)

• Violation of traffic rules.

The Federal Law on Traffic Rules states: “... Failure to comply with the requirements of the Traffic Rules entails a warning or the imposition of an administrative fine in the amount of one minimum wage.”

III. Final part. Reflection: “Exam for cyclists” (students are divided into teams and answer test questions in turn).

Questions for the first group: (Slide 12)

When driving on the road, a cyclist:

A) can drive without holding the steering wheel if there are no other vehicles nearby;
B) has no right to throw the steering wheel;
B) may not hold onto the steering wheel, but both feet must be on the pedals.

2. Is it possible to carry passengers on a bicycle??

A) Yes; (if yes, then under what conditions)
B) No.
At what age is it legal to ride a bicycle on public roads?

A) At least 10 years old.
B) At least 14 years old.
C) at least 16 years old.

Questions for the second group:(Slide 13, 14, 15)

Is it legal to tow a bicycle with another bicycle or moped?

A) It’s allowed because mom is worried and needs to go home quickly.
B) Not allowed.

What rules does a cyclist obey if he drives a bicycle with his hands?

A) Rules for drivers.
B) Rules for pedestrians.

The rules require that the bicycle have the following:

A) chain, sound signal, brake;
B) pedals.

Conclusion: Guys, remember! A bicycle is a convenient and very common form of transport for transportation. But this is also dangerous look transport, if you do not maintain a culture of safety on the road. Therefore, increased demands are placed on cyclists in terms of knowledge of traffic rules. Remember these rules, follow them and you will not be responsible for road accidents . (Slide 16)

Everyone should know this for sure!”

Important road signs –
Compass for adults and children.
Children! Be careful!
Know what is not allowed and what is possible!
Do whatever the signs say!

In the next lesson we will continue to introduce you to the rules of cycling on streets and roads, and the movements of groups of cyclists. (Slide 17)

IV. Homework.

1. Draw the permitting road sign “Cycling is allowed.”
2. Solve a traffic rules crossword (at the teacher's discretion)

Literature:

1. Fundamentals of life safety: elective course “We and the road” /author-comp. O.V.Pakhnutova/.
2. Thematic game on life safety. Toolkit for the teacher. – M.: Sphere shopping center.
3. Magazine “Fidget”. Cycle “Little Rescuer”.
4. Newspaper on traffic rules for children “The Good Road of Childhood”.