Theoretical and methodological tasks in physical culture. Basic concepts of TFKiS
Physical Performance.
Performance
This is the ability of a person to perform the maximum possible amount of work within a given time and with a certain efficiency.
A person’s performance depends on the level of his training, the degree of consolidation of skills and experience (technique and experience in sports), his physical and mental state and other reasons and circumstances.
Sports uniform
This is a state of the body, the term denotes the athlete’s readiness to perform a particular motor action at the maximum pace, duration, etc. It is collective in nature, i.e. the components are physical, technical, functional, tactical, psychological and other qualities. Sports form can be good if training takes place against the backdrop of the athlete being in good health. Only a healthy athlete can tolerate large volume and intensity loads, which are factors in stabilizing sports form and functional state.
In maintaining homeostasis and its regulation, the most important role belongs to the nervous system, endocrine glands, especially the hypothalamic-pituitary and limbic systems of the brain.
In conditions sports training When long-term adaptation of the body to physical activity occurs, morphofunctional changes occur in the state of the blood microcirculation system. These changes that occur directly during muscle activity remain in the body as a consequence even after its completion. Accumulating over a long period of time, they constantly lead to the formation of a more economical type of microvascular response. The specifics of training in a particular sport determines differentiated transformations of microvessels.
Research shows that large (excessive) physical activity contributes to significant changes in the morphological structures and chemistry of tissues and organs, and also leads to a breakdown of adaptive mechanisms, which manifests itself in the occurrence of infectious (ARVI, influenza, etc.) diseases and musculoskeletal injuries. - musculoskeletal system.
Fatigue. Fatigue. Overtraining
Fatigue
A special type of human functional state that occurs temporarily under the influence of prolonged or intense work and leads to a decrease in its effectiveness. Fatigue manifests itself in a decrease in muscle strength and endurance, an increase in energy expended when performing the same work, deterioration in coordination of movements, a slowdown in the speed of information processing, memory deterioration, difficulty concentrating and switching attention, etc. The measure of fatigue is changes in quantitative and qualitative performance indicators, as well as physical functions during work or in response to the presentation of special tests.
A good remedy Prevention of fatigue in any type of activity is to increase work motivation and physical fitness.
Fatigue
The subjective feeling of fatigue reflects many changes in biochemical, physical and psycho-physiological functions that appear during prolonged or intense work. Makes you want to either stop it or reduce the load.
Fatigue
The ability of the body as a whole or its individual parts to be susceptible to fatigue.
The depth of fatigue that develops under the same load depends on the degree of adaptation of a person to any type of activity and his fitness, the physical and mental state of the worker, levels of motivation and neuro-emotional stress. During physical labor, training of any severity (intensity), as well as mental work, the lower the level of general physical performance, the greater the fatigue.
Nervous-emotional tension.
A special state that arises in the process of work or communication, where the emotional component dominates, giving an increased appreciation to all or some elements of the activity. Neuro-emotional stress is characterized by high central nervous system tone and increased activity of hormonal regulation.
Mental fatigue.
It manifests itself as a decrease in the efficiency of intellectual work, weakening of attention (mainly, it is difficult for a person to concentrate), slowdown in thinking.
Physical fatigue.
It is expressed by a violation of muscle function: a decrease in speed, strength, accuracy, consistency and rhythm of movements, etc. Performance decreases.
Chronic fatigue.
With constant fatigue (overwork), pronounced dystrophic and destructive changes in the part occur. muscle fibers. One of the reasons for their appearance is hypoxia or impaired microcirculation of the musculoskeletal tissue.
Chronic fatigue, loss of muscle elasticity (hypertonicity occurs, muscle imbalance etc.), muscle pain, episodic muscle spasms are a presumptive factor in the occurrence of injuries to the musculoskeletal system.
With chronic fatigue, under-oxidized metabolic products occur in the tissues, and this, in turn, leads to a change in the colloidal composition of the tissues, circulatory disorders, which is manifested by increased sensitivity and muscle pain. In this phase of colloidal reactions, no internal organic changes in the muscles are yet noted and returning them to normal is easily feasible. Cryomassage, segmental massage, hydroprocedures, phonophoresis should be used against the background of reduced physical activity, especially speed and speed-strength.
Irrational use of physical activity (training) can lead to functional overload of the musculoskeletal tissues, and in the future, if training is carried out in the same mode, they will contribute to the occurrence of injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
Great physical exertion during training in mid-mountain areas and hot and humid climates leads to exacerbation of chronic diseases or to overstrain of the cardiorespiratory system.
With intense muscle work energy consumption increases sharply, and therefore the process of oxidation of substances in muscle tissue, oxygen delivery to skeletal muscles increases. If there is not enough oxygen for complete oxidation of substances, then it occurs partially and a large amount of under-oxidized products accumulate in the body, such as lactic and pyruvic acids, urea, etc. This leads to a deviation of a number of important constants of the internal environment of the body, which does not allow it to continue muscle activity.
Overwork and overtraining
These are symptoms of neurosis, which is characterized by the presence of somatic and autonomic disorders.
Neurotic reactions usually occur during monotonous (monotonous), long-term, varied and repeated training (2-3 times a day), leading to constant emotional stress.
Overfatigue and overtraining are characterized by a deterioration in neuropsychic and physical condition, a decrease in athletic and general performance. In most cases, overfatigue and overtraining are layered on top of each other, giving a symptom complex of disturbances in the functioning of the body.
Overfatigue manifests itself primarily in the deterioration of sports performance, the cessation of growth in achievements, despite intense training. General performance and sleep deteriorate, sweating increases when performing physical activity, palpitations (tachycardia), the urea content in the blood increases, changes in the ECG often occur, the pneumotonometric indicator reflecting the function of the respiratory muscles, vital capacity, and other indicators decrease. Overfatigue disrupts the coherence of interaction between the cerebral cortex and underlying parts nervous system and internal organs.
Overtraining develops when an athlete is systematically presented with very complex motor and tactical tasks, combined with heavy physical exertion and insufficient rest. With overtraining, increased excitability, mood instability, reluctance to train, and lethargy are noted. The predominance of inhibition processes, in turn, slows down recovery processes. Deterioration sporting achievements and decreased athletic performance is the main symptom of overtraining. Highly qualified athletes constantly train against the background of chronic fatigue, which is why injuries often occur and musculoskeletal diseases worsen.
Constant medical monitoring of the athlete’s functional state and identification of the first (initial) signs of fatigue are necessary. The state of health (blood pressure, heart rate, appetite, sweating during physical activity, sleep, etc.), functional state (biochemical and instrumental research methods) against the background of intense, volumetric training loads are especially monitored.
Orthoclinostatic test, biochemical indicators (especially lactate, urea in the blood) are the first signs of fatigue, and if adjustments are not made training process, then more serious morphofunctional changes occur in the tissues of the musculoskeletal system, cardiac muscle and other organs and systems.
Adaptation. Adaptive processes in training.
With a constant volume of training, performance increases significantly already in the initial period. In the future, performance increases to some extent until it reaches a stable stable level (plateau) - the limit of performance. And further increase in performance is possible only if the volume of training increases. A stable level, which is achieved by maximizing the volume of training, reflects maximum performance; Continuing the training does not give a greater effect. This time curve applies in principle to all forms of training. Physiological changes caused by adaptation during training may change in the opposite direction after its cessation.
The adaptation processes associated with training vary significantly depending on its content. Adaptation may occur skeletal muscles(metabolic changes or increase in cross-sectional area), heart or respiratory system(increasing maximum respiratory capacity) or the nervous system (intra- and intermuscular coordination). Most of these changes are very significant for improving performance.
In order to assess the degree of adaptation, it is necessary to know the initial state of training. Degree of adaptation to physical work has an individual character. For the same person, it depends on the nature and magnitude (volume) of physical activity.
Endurance training causes distinct changes in many physiological parameters.
Of these, the most pronounced increase in cardiac volume (dilatation of the heart) and heart mass (hypertrophy of the wall muscles). Endurance athletes also experience a clear increase in vital capacity (VC). Main factor in performance requiring endurance, this is an adequate supply of oxygen to the muscles, which is determined by the maximum cardiac output.
Haven't you read this yet?! You shouldn't be so...
Instructions for completing the task.
You are offered tasks that meet the minimum knowledge requirements for secondary (high school) graduates in the subject “Physical Education”.
The tasks are grouped into 5 groups:
1. Closed form assignments, that is, with suggested answer options. Quests are presented in the form of incomplete statements that may be either true or false when completed. When completing these tasks, you must choose the correct completion from the proposed options. Among them there are both correct and incorrect endings, as well as partially corresponding to the meaning of the statements. The correct one is the one that most fully matches the meaning of the statement.
A number of tasks are graded if all are marked correct options. This condition is specified in the assignment. The selected options are marked by crossing out the corresponding square on the answer form: “a”, “b”, “c” or “d”.
Correctly completed tasks in this group are awarded 1 point for each correct answer.
In multiple-choice tasks, each correct answer is worth 0.25 points; Each “wrong” answer is worth minus 0.25 points.
2. Tasks in open form, that is, without suggested answer options. When completing this task, you must independently select a term (basic concept) that, completing the statement, forms a true statement. Enter the selected term in the appropriate column of the answer form.
Correctly completed tasks in this group are awarded 2 points for each correct answer.
3. Tasks in a form that requires transfer facts, characteristics, etc. known to you. The jury evaluates each position you submit.
Completely completed tasks in this group are worth 5 points each.
4. In a graphic task You need to enter in the answer form the terminologically correct name of the positions, stances or actions represented by the pictograms opposite the corresponding number.
A fully completed graphic task is worth 10 points.
5. Tasks in a form that involves comparison– a type of task in a closed form, consisting in comparing the qualitative characteristics of one list with objects of another list.
Selected options are indicated by adding letters to the appropriate field on the answer form. Repetition of letters is possible.
Correctly completed tasks in this group are scored 7 points.
Monitor task completion time.
The task completion time is 30 minutes.
Be careful when making notes on your answer sheet. Records must be legible. Corrections and erasures are scored as an incorrect answer.
Fill out the questionnaire in the answer form: write your last name, first name, patronymic, name of the subject of the Federation, city, school and class that you represent.
Test questions according to the instructions for the assignment:
1. Instructions for the test for me...
A. understandable. V. not completely clear.
b. partly understandable. G. not clear.
2. Would you like to ask questions to clarify the assignment?
A. Yes. b. No. V. Don't know. G. Yes, but I'm embarrassed.
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CLOSED FORM TASKS
Complete the statements by checking the appropriate boxes on your answer sheet.
1. The IOC President is elected by secret ballot for:
A. …four year period.
b. …eight year period.
V. …three Olympic cycles.
G. …four Olympic cycles.
2. The set of natural morpho-functional properties at every moment of a person’s life determines him... .
A. …physicality. V. …physical state.
b. …physical education. G. …physical development.
3. The changes that occur in the body of those involved as a result of performing exercises are usually referred to as...
A. …fatigue.V. …load.
b. …training effect. G. …adaptation.
4. It is advisable to perform “coordination” exercises in…
A. …preparatory part of the lesson.
b. …the beginning of the main part of the lesson.
V. …in the middle of the main part of the lesson.
G. …at the end of the main part of the lesson.
5. IN execution strength exercises with moderate weights (50 - 60% of the maximum) and a maximum number of repetitions helps...
A. …increase in absolute strength.
b. …growth of muscle mass.
V. …increase in relative strength.
G.…increase in explosive power.
Check all items.
Open-ended tasks
Complete the definition by writing the corresponding word, number on the answer sheet.
6. In 2004 he became the champion of the GamesXXVIIOlympics in...
7. A method in which the duration of rest intervals between repetitions of exercises depends on the operational the athlete's condition is designated as...
8. The training of an athlete aimed at mastering the necessary knowledge, developing thinking, developing mental skills and skills of mental operations is designated as ...
9. A subjective state that occurs during a period of severe physical fatigue and is characterized by a feeling of relief is called...
10. Performing an exercise that is similar in form to a competitive exercise, but differs in the level of effort applied, is designated as...
Transfer-related tasks
11. List in the answer form the Characteristics of physical development known to you.
12. List the answers you know on the answer form.The main directions of the physical education movement.
13. List the means (events) that you are familiar with that help restore performance after physical exercise. load.
Graphic task
14. Fill in the answer form with the names of the provisions and motor actions the pictograms presented below.
Matching related tasks
15. Establish a correspondence between the basic concepts of the theory of physical culture and sports and their definitions by entering the appropriate letters in the answer form:
Basic Concepts | Definitions |
1. Physical rehabilitation | A) purposeful process of use physical exercise for restoration or compensation partially or temporarily lost motor skills abilities |
2. Physical culture | b) the use of physical exercises, as well as sports in simplified forms for active recreation of people |
3. Sports | V) the process of forming motor skills and development of physical abilities necessary in specific professional or sports activities |
4. Physical recreation | G) gaming, competitive activity and preparation for it, based on the use of physical exercises and aimed at achieving the highest results |
d) the process of changing the forms and functions of the body either under the influence of natural conditions or under the influence of physical exercise |
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e) the process of forming the need for classes exercise for the benefit of comprehensive development personality, positive attitude towards physical culture |
Bonus question
Complete the statement by writing your answer in the appropriate field on the form. The correct answer is worth 4 points.
16. Slow running in short steps with a very low hip lift of the swing leg. Serves as a means of warming up, relieving tension after competitions, increasing the functional state of the oxygen transport system of a person engaged in recreational running.. .
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Graphic task |
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1. – _________________________________________________________________________________ 2. – _________________________________________________________________________________ 3. – _________________________________________________________________________________ 4. – _________________________________________________________________________________ 5. – _________________________________________________________________________________ Enumeration and matching tasks |
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Fatigue is a state of the body in which the efficiency of work activity decreases. Such changes are temporary.
Physical and mental fatigue. Signs
The first sign of fatigue is considered to be a decrease. Namely, if the work involves physical labor, a person who is overtired has increased blood pressure, increased breathing, heartbeat. It also requires more energy to perform one action.
If a person exercises, then when he is overtired, his reaction slows down, mental processes are inhibited and movements are uncoordinated. The level of attention and memorization of information also decreases. The person himself characterizes this condition as fatigue.
Fatigue
The impossibility of performing this or that work is attributed to it. It should be understood that fatigue is a state of the body caused by certain biological processes. There are several theories in the science of different scientists about the causes of fatigue. Some believe that this is a biological process of the central nervous system, while others believe that it is a biological process of the cerebral cortex.
Fatigue
What are the causes of fatigue? This condition may occur after performing any work, at the end of the working day. This is a normal physiological process of the body. Hard work leads to fatigue. It is important that after work a person has the opportunity to rest so that he can regain strength.
After rest, the body's spent resources are restored. Then the person is ready to work again. If proper rest is not achieved, the body cannot cope with the assigned tasks. Then overwork sets in.
If the human body is rested, its performance will increase. It's a kind of training. But if enough time has not been devoted to rest, then a state of fatigue will arise in the body. In this case, the person cannot do his job. There is also a feeling of apathy and irritation.
Fatigue and overwork. Consequences
Overwork should not be taken lightly. In fact, the consequences can be very dire. Due to fatigue, heart and stomach diseases can occur and immunity may decrease. The recovery process can be quite long, as you will need to spend some time resting, recuperating, and in some cases undergoing treatment.
Fatigue has such effects on the body as the appearance of chronic diseases, emotional disturbances in a person, abuse of alcohol and cigarettes, and light drugs, such as marijuana. The breakdown of family relationships is affected by overwork. This is primarily due to irritability and indifference. Also, a person in such a state cannot establish any relationships. Therefore, a spouse who notices signs of fatigue in his partner is advised to be patient and give him time for rest and relaxation. You can organize some kind of trip. A change of environment always has a beneficial effect on a person's mood. Although there are exceptions. It is important to take into account the individual characteristics of a person.
Prevention
What should be the prevention of fatigue? You shouldn’t push your body to the point where it’s better to take the necessary measures and avoid overwork. This will improve the situation. There are certain methods that you can follow to keep your body healthy. Prevention of fatigue is better than further treatment.
Preventive measures
1. First of all, rest is necessary. Moreover, scientists have proven that active recreation restores resources much better human body. This doesn't mean you need to limit your sleep. Sleep is also an important component of proper rest. Under active recreation This means playing sports. Firstly, sport improves blood circulation. This has a positive effect on the functioning of the nervous system. Secondly, constant physical activity creates a resilient person. It is well known that an active lifestyle improves body tone and strengthens the immune system.
2. Gradual deepening into work. There is no need to rush headlong into a new business. Everything is good in moderation. It is better if the load increases gradually. This fact applies to both mental and physical labor.
3. It is recommended to take breaks while working. Usually during working hours there is a regulation when you can drink tea and take a lunch break. You should not sit in an office or enterprise, especially if you have a hard job. It’s better to have a full lunch and, if possible, take a walk down the street.
4. A person should be happy to go to work. If there is a negative atmosphere in the team, then nervous fatigue will set in faster. Also, an unfavorable environment can cause stress or provoke a nervous breakdown.
Kinds
Now let's look at the types of fatigue. There are several of them. Mental fatigue is considered more dangerous than physical fatigue. First of all, this is due to the fact that a person does not immediately understand that he is tired. Hard work associated with physical activity will immediately make itself felt. You often feel unwell. Sometimes a person feels muscle fatigue.
One of the means to combat fatigue is exercise. What do athletes do to achieve a certain result? They are training. At the same time, they feel muscle pain. But to achieve results they need to spend a lot physical strength, develop strong-willed qualities and be result-oriented. The same should be done with human mental activity. In order to get rid of brain fatigue, you need to train and give yourself loads. The more there are, the better the result will be. We can conclude that all types of fatigue can be treated with fatigue. But it must be dosed. Also, don’t forget about rest.
Fatigue and overwork. Treatment options
If you do notice them (as a rule, this is poor sleep and irritability), then it is necessary to treat the body, since when this process starts, chronic diseases can develop.
1. One of the methods of treating fatigue is taking baths. Baths can be taken at home. They can be either fresh or with various additives. Baths have a relaxing effect on the body. The temperature should be 36-38 degrees, the water can be gradually heated. You need to stay in the bathroom for 15-20 minutes. Afterwards it is better to put on a warm robe. The bath course consists of 10 procedures that should be done daily. In addition to fresh water, it is recommended to take pine and salt baths. Pine needles or salt are dissolved in water in the desired proportions. Afterwards you can take a bath.
2. Tea with milk and honey is in a great way treatment for fatigue. Of course, tea alone cannot cure you, but in combination with other recovery measures, it will have a beneficial effect on a person.
3. Mint will also promote recovery.
4. One of the foods that helps cope with fatigue is herring. It contains phosphorus, which has a beneficial effect on brain activity and improves performance.
5. Green onions are also a food that helps fight fatigue.
6. In addition to taking a body bath, a foot bath is an excellent way to combat fatigue. You can take it hot, or you can make it contrasting. The duration of the bath is 10 minutes. Such procedures relax a person well; it is better to do them before bed.
Performance. a person that affects his ability to work
Now we will talk about performance and fatigue. It should be said that each person has their own biological rhythms. There are the same biorhythms. But, as a rule, they diverge to one degree or another, as they occur under the influence of various factors.
A person’s biorhythms depend on his heredity, time of year, temperature and sun. Therefore, for reasons beyond a person’s control, one day he may have good mood and high performance at work, but on another day he does not have any strength to implement his plans.
An interesting fact is that they swing like a pendulum. For example, if today a person is on the rise, then after some time he will be in decline with the same amplitude. It is important to remember this and not fall into a depressed state when it comes this period. You need to know that after the decline there will be a rise. Knowing this state of affairs, it is recommended to plan your work in such a way that during periods of fatigue you can carry out some activity that does not require large amounts of energy.
Activity hours
The most efficient hours for people have been identified. This period is from 8 to 13 and from 16 to 19 pm. The rest of the time, performance is reduced. It should also be noted that there are exceptions and some are more comfortable working in other time periods.
Human biorhythms play an important role in his performance. For example, changing time zones leads to disruption of biorhythm. And it is necessary to spend a certain period of time in order for the body to establish its rhythm. This usually happens within 10-14 days.
Recommendations to help improve performance and reduce the risk of fatigue
First of all, it is necessary to give the body rest. It is impossible to redo all planned tasks. Therefore, you should give yourself time to rest not only after work, but also during the working day.
Firstly, you need to accustom yourself to maintain a daily routine. This means that you need to wake up in the morning, have breakfast, and only then start work. While working, it is also necessary to take breaks to drink or have a snack. You should definitely set aside time for lunch. After a working day, it is recommended to give the body time to rest. Then you can go to the pool or take a walk. Don't stay up late, as sleep is important healthy image life.
You need to get into the habit of switching. For example, go to an exhibition or attend an event. You can also take a short trip.
If at work a person feels that he is not keeping up or is not coping with the planned amount of work, there is nothing to worry about. In this case, you should lower the bar and work at a slower pace. Then, when the strength accumulates, you can carry out your plans.
You need to drink water. Especially those who engage in physical labor or training. When the body expends a lot of energy, fluid is released that needs to be replenished. Therefore, it is important to drink as much water as possible.
Supporting the body during periods of increased stress
When planning your work day, you need to listen to your body. And you should organize your activities in accordance with your own capabilities. You shouldn't look up to other people. Everyone has their own individual characteristics. There are also a number of measures that can support the body's functioning during periods of increased mental and physical stress. First of all, this is taking vitamins and drinking herbal teas. In a good way Relaxation and relaxation will include massage, aromatherapy and color therapy. Spending time with animals is also recommended. If you don’t have pets at home, you can go to the zoo, dolphinarium or circus. A trip to the dolphinarium can charge every person with positive energy. You definitely need to do sports or physical therapy.
Sleep and nutrition
Performance is affected by the quality and quantity of sleep. This factor is very important. A sleepy state during the working day negatively affects a person’s performance. An adult needs to sleep 8-9 hours. Doctors recommend going to bed before midnight.
Proper nutrition is also necessary to ensure high human performance. It is important that it contains a sufficient amount of useful microelements and vitamins.
Conclusion
Now you know the types of fatigue and the causes of their occurrence. We also looked at the symptoms of this disease. In the article we gave a lot useful recommendations, which will help you avoid overwork, as well as improve your condition if you have already subjected your body to very heavy loads.
The period of stable performance sooner or later gives way to a period of its decline, and fatigue sets in. This period of time is characterized by:
- decreased productivity (reaction speed slows down, erroneous or untimely actions appear);
- specific changes appear in the physiological processes of the body, as well as the subjective experience of fatigue.
Fatigue can be physical (muscular) and mental (mental). Operator fatigue is predominantly mental. Fatigue is a temporary decrease in performance that occurs as a result of a violation of regulatory processes. During work, the body's energy resources begin to deplete. They do not have time to recover, and the nervous system cannot ensure normal regulation of physiological and mental processes.
There are reasons to associate the condition fatigue with the process of protective inhibition, which protects nerve cells from further depletion and enhances recovery processes. Fatigue is a natural process that signals the need to provide rest to the neuromuscular system.
There are a number of objective indicators that can quantify the state of fatigue. The most important of these indicators are:
1. Changes in autonomic functions: heart rate, breathing, etc.
2. Changes in the excitability of the sensory sphere of the cerebral cortex. Evidence has been found of a decrease in tactile and auditory sensitivity during fatigue.
3. The general state of the cerebral cortex during fatigue is characterized by a number of indicators obtained through the use of electroencephalographic techniques: an increase in the recovery time of the alpha rhythm after exposure to light, a drop in the voltage of the alpha rhythm, an increase in the number of fast and slow waves in the EEG, as well as an increase in the coefficient of assimilation of flickering light stimuli by the brain.
The difficulty of establishing precise quantitative criteria for fatigue is due to the fact that the process of fatigue is determined by a number of factors that are difficult to take into account. Among them are the following:
1. Specifics of activity. The study of fatigue is carried out on various types of work and educational activities, which, along with general features They also have their own specificity. First of all, types of activities differ in which functional systems are activated to a greater extent during their implementation. The main load can fall on the visual, auditory, and motor analyzers, causing great strain on intellectual functions or a combination of neuropsychic stress and physical stress. Therefore for various types different indicators may be more significant.
2. Another important factor influencing a person’s fatigue is his attitude towards the work being performed. Within the same type of activity, the dynamics of changes in the functional states of the nervous system can be different and depend on the person’s interest in the work, on his conscientiousness and responsibility for its results.
3. The typological features of human nervous activity have a great influence on the process of fatigue. Even with an equal load, the same nature of work and approximately the same attitude towards it, the process of fatigue will proceed differently in people with different types nervous system.
Very important issue associated with fatigue problem, is the question of the possibility of working in this condition and how to combat it.
Fatigue can be divided into primary and secondary. Primary fatigue is characterized by rapid development and equally rapid disappearance after stopping work. This is due to the emergence of a concentrated focus of inhibition in the cerebral cortex. Secondary fatigue is characterized by slow development and gradual disappearance due to the emergence of a stagnant focus of shallow inhibition. Continuing to work against a background of severe fatigue can adversely affect the normal functioning of the body. Overfatigue occurs, which can be acute - as a result of a single strenuous activity and chronic - as a result of prolonged repeated activity.
Monotonia is a specific functional state characterized by a decrease in the level of vital activity as a result of exposure to monotonous stimuli, i.e. decrease in external stimulation. Monotony most often occurs as a consequence of a work situation, but it can also be the result of an individual lifestyle or a consequence of existing life circumstances that cause boredom and “hunger of feelings.” A manifestation of work monotony is dulling of attention, weakening of the ability to switch it, decreased vigilance, intelligence, weakening of will, and the appearance of drowsiness. In this case, an unpleasant emotional experience arises, which consists in the desire to get out of this situation. These phenomena quickly disappear when a person enters a normal external environment.
When analyzing the nature of monotony, two circumstances should be taken into account:
- clearly distinguish work that, according to its objective indicators, is monotonous;
- subjective attitude and various mental states caused by this work in individuals.
The state of monotony is the result of cortical inhibition. There may be two reasons for its occurrence:
- increased inhibitory activity of the reticular formation (RF), i.e. active braking;
- reduction of the activating influences of the reticular formation on the cortex, i.e. passive braking.
In both cases, the result will be a decrease in the excitability of cortical centers due to the development of protective inhibition. The source of these changes in the central nervous system is both monotonous activity with low energy expenditure and a deficit of sensory information.
Persons with a weak nervous system relative to excitation, with inert nervous processes, are more resistant to monotony. Most often these are introverts with low anxiety. On the contrary, people with a strong nervous system and high mobility of nervous processes are less resistant to monotony. These are sociable people, extroverts, emotionally unstable, with high anxiety.
The state of monotony is characterized by a decrease in psychophysiological activity in the form of subjective and objective signs, i.e. psychological and physiological indicators. Physiological indicators include, firstly, performance indicators (quantity and quality of work) and, secondly, changes in a number of physiological processes and functions:
- decreased excitability and lability of the visual analyzer;
- increase in latent periods of visual-motor reactions;
- development of inhibitory processes in the central nervous system with pronounced phase phenomena;
- changes in the electrical activity of the brain;
- decreased tone of the sympathetic nervous system and increased tone of the parasympathetic nervous system - drop in blood pressure, arrhythmia, decreased respiratory rate, pulse and body temperature;
- reduction of oxygen consumption.
Monotonous work causes a complex of mental experiences that determine the subjective background of work activity. The following subjective signs of monotony are noted:
- the emergence of an indifferent-apathetic state, loss of interest;
- boredom turning into a feeling of fatigue;
- drowsiness or drowsiness.
Drowsiness during monotonous work manifests itself in short-term breaks in the body’s contact with the outside world, comes on suddenly and is restored just as quickly. Criterion for the dynamics of the subjective feeling of fatigue: subjective fatigue associated with monotonous work begins to manifest itself before objective signs of fatigue (decrease in productivity, deterioration in quality).
Efficiency is the ability to perform formed, purposeful actions, characterized by the quantity and quality of work for a certain time.
Efficiency is an indicator of the functional state of the body, its changes and ultimately reflects the rationality of the organization of the labor process, its compliance with human capabilities, and its effectiveness. The level of performance correlates with the functional maturity of the cortex and subcortical structures and improves with age-related development of the structural and functional organization of the brain.
The level of performance depends on many factors: physiological (functional maturity of the body, functional state, state of health, etc.), psychological (well-being, emotional state, motivation, etc.), external environmental (conditions for organizing activities, time of day, year, etc.) etc.
When considering performance, an integrated approach is used, which uses indicators related to different systems: indicators of efficiency or productivity of activity, indicators of a person’s well-being and psychophysiological indicators of the state of systems and functions of the body, which are included as supporting and operational components in the functional system of activity.
During the day, the body reacts differently to physical and neuropsychic stress. In accordance with the daily cycle of the body, the highest performance is observed in the morning (from 8 to 12) and afternoon (from 14 to 17) hours. In the daytime, the lowest performance is observed between 12 -14 hours, and at night - from 3 - 4 hours, reaching its minimum. Taking into account these patterns, the shifts of work of enterprises, the beginning and end of work in shifts, breaks for rest and sleep are determined. Changes in performance during a work shift have several phases:
- run-in phase- the level of performance gradually increases compared to the initial level; depending on the nature of the work and the individual characteristics of the person, the period lasts from several minutes to 1.5 hours, and with mental creative work - up to 2-2.5 hours;
- phase of high stability of performance - combination of high labor performance with relative stability; the duration of the phase can be 2-2.5 hours or more, depending on the severity and intensity of the work;
- phase of decline in performance characterized by a decrease in a person’s functional capabilities, a feeling of fatigue appears.
Periodic alternation of work and rest helps maintain high stability of performance (lunch break in the middle of the working day and short-term regulated breaks). The alternation of periods of work and rest during the week should be regulated taking into account the dynamics of performance. The highest performance occurs on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th days of work; on subsequent days of the week it decreases.
Fatigue- a special type of functional state of a person that temporarily arises under the influence of prolonged or intense work and leads to a decrease in its effectiveness. Fatigue manifests itself in a decrease in muscle strength and endurance, an increase in energy expended when performing the same work, deterioration in coordination of movements, a slowdown in the speed of information processing, memory deterioration, difficulty concentrating and switching attention, etc. Fatigue- complex and heterogeneous set of phenomena. It occurs as a result of prolonged, excessive or irrational load and is characterized by a decrease in performance. Fatigue is a physiological state of the body that occurs as a result of excessive activity and manifests itself in a decrease in performance. Fatigue can occur during any type of activity - both mental and physical work. Mental fatigue is characterized by decreased productivity of intellectual work, impaired attention, slowed thinking, and sleep disturbances. Physical fatigue is manifested by impaired muscle function: a decrease in strength, speed, accuracy, coordination and rhythm of movements.
Fatigue is a reversible physiological state of a person. But if performance is not restored by the start of the next shift, fatigue can accumulate and turn into overwork- a more persistent decrease in performance, which subsequently leads to the development of diseases, a decrease in the body’s resistance, and infectious diseases.
There are quickly and slowly developing fatigue: the first occurs during very intense work (the work of a loader, mason, creative worker, etc.), the second - during long, uninteresting, monotonous work (driver’s work, work on a conveyor belt).
The physiological picture of physical and mental fatigue is similar. Mental and physical fatigue affect each other. With severe physical fatigue, work is unproductive and muscle performance decreases. With mental fatigue, there is a disorder of attention, deterioration of memory and thinking, and the accuracy and coordination of movement is weakened.
Fatigue and overwork are one of the reasons for increased injuries at work. Increasing efficiency and reducing fatigue at work is achieved by improving the skills of workers and technical improvement of the production process.
Performance may be reduced not only as a result of the work done, but also due to illness or unusual working conditions. In these cases, decreased performance is a consequence of a violation of the functional state of the body. The speed of fatigue depends on the specifics of the work: it occurs much more quickly when performing work accompanied by a monotonous posture and muscle tension; Rhythmic movements are less tiring. Many people during periods of emotional stress do not experience signs of fatigue or a feeling of tiredness for a long time. Fatigue is associated with a decrease in performance, which is restored as a result of proper rest. A tired person works less accurately, making first small and then serious mistakes.
Insufficient rest or excessive workload for a long time often leads to chronic fatigue or overwork, which can cause neuroses and diseases of cardio-vascular system. To prevent overwork, it is necessary to take into account two phases of performance: I – excitatory, associated with motor restlessness, absent-mindedness; II – inhibitory, when there is lethargy and decreased vitality.
The efficiency and quality of work during the excitatory phase of fatigue can remain high, but this is achieved through volitional effort and mental stress. A subjective feeling of fatigue appears, but work should continue until the onset of phase II of fatigue. When signs of inhibition of the central brain structures appear, attempts to overcome it and continue to work can cause overwork, so the onset of the inhibitory phase dictates the need for rest.
An important means of combating overwork is a rational work and rest schedule or the organization of short-term breaks at strictly defined times of the working day, which are arranged taking into account the nature of the work process. A proper rest does not consist of idleness, but should alternate with physical activity and a change of activity. One of effective means long-term preservation of working capacity during the working day is a clear rhythm of work activity.
Work done rhythmically is about 20% less tiring than non-rhythmic work of the same severity. When carrying out measures to prevent fatigue, an important place should be given to the elimination of unnecessary movements, the rational organization of the workplace, which allows not only to save movements, but also to work in a normal posture, eliminating static muscle tension.
The development of fatigue is facilitated by monotonous, monotonous work with simple, continuously repeating processes. In this case, it is important to periodically actively switch attention and activity (introduce industrial gymnastics, take physical training breaks, etc.). To reduce the elements of monotony of labor when working on an assembly line, it is useful for members of one team to master several operations and, alternately replacing each other, switch to another labor operation. The state of fatigue is determined by a number of psychophysiological indicators that allow one to assess the basic properties of the nervous system, as well as by functional tests, with the help of which the functional state of the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and other body systems is recorded.
Conditions for the rational organization of labor that prevent the development of fatigue (according to N. E. Vvedensky):
1) you need to enter into any work gradually;
2) the rhythm of work that is optimal for a given worker is necessary;
3) the usual sequence and systematicity of work is important;
4) proper alternation of work and rest is necessary;
5) you need gradual and systematic exercise and, as a result, a strengthening skill;
6) a favorable attitude of society towards work is important. These conditions remain fully in force today.
Fatigue is a feature of the body as a whole or its individual parts to be susceptible to fatigue. The depth of fatigue that develops under the same load depends on the degree of adaptation of a person to any type of activity and his fitness, the physical and mental state of the worker, levels of motivation and neuro-emotional stress. During physical labor, training of any severity (intensity), as well as mental work, the lower the level of general physical performance, the greater the fatigue.
Fatigue is a subjective feeling of tiredness that reflects many changes in biochemical, physical and psycho-physiological functions that appear during prolonged or intense work. There is a desire to either stop working or reduce the load.
Neuro-emotional stress is a special condition that arises in the process of work or communication, where the emotional component dominates, giving an increased appreciation to all or any elements of the activity. Neuro-emotional stress is characterized by high central nervous system tone and increased activity of hormonal regulation.
Mental fatigue is manifested by a decrease in the efficiency of intellectual work, weakening of attention, and slowing down of thinking.
Physical fatigue is expressed by impaired muscle function: a decrease in speed, strength, accuracy, consistency and rhythm of movements, and decreased performance.
At chronic fatigue Blood circulation is impaired, increased sensitivity and muscle pain appear.
Overfatigue is a symptom of neurosis, which is characterized by the presence of somatic and autonomic disorders. Neurotic reactions usually occur during monotonous (monotonous), prolonged, varied and repeated actions, leading to constant emotional stress. Overfatigue is characterized by a deterioration in neuropsychic and physical condition, and a decrease in performance. Overfatigue disrupts the coherence of interaction between the cerebral cortex, underlying parts of the nervous system and internal organs.
Force- a person’s ability to overcome external resistance or counteract it through muscle effort.
Endurance- the ability to withstand physical fatigue during muscle activity. There are general and special endurance.
General Stamina (aerobic)- this is the ability to perform work of moderate intensity for a long time with the global functioning of the muscular system.
Special Stamina - this is endurance in relation to certain motor activities (for example: strength endurance, speed endurance, coordination endurance).
