Tape on the inner thigh. Kinesio taping of the thigh

Hips are among the most common techniques of primary or auxiliary treatment with the aim of reducing pain, swelling and inflammation, relaxing and maintaining muscle bundles, and stabilizing the ligamentous apparatus.

Rules for applying tape

Adhesive plaster strips are considered to be applied correctly only if the following rules are observed:

The manipulation is carried out exclusively by a qualified specialist (doctor, massage therapist, etc.) who has special knowledge and skills in this area.
Before applying the strip, the skin under the tape must be clean, dry, and free of hair.
The patient must be placed or seated in a position that is comfortable for him in order to ensure accessibility and immobilization of the patch application site. Those. provide him with a physiological position.
The area where the patch is applied must be given the position it will be in after application.
The application of the tape begins with securing steps - anchors (above and below the pathological site).
Application is carried out with two hands: one hand rolls out the head of the adhesive tape, the other straightens his steps.
Each previous revolution is covered by the next one by 1/3 or 2/3.
The adhesive plaster strips are stretched evenly to avoid displacement, the formation of folds and constrictions, and peeling off on the plane of the skin.
At the end, the patch is fixed using control rounds.
Properly applied tape should not create discomfort, pain, numbness, tingling, circulatory disorders, etc.
It is forbidden to resort to it during competitions without examining it during training. The shepherd is applied by the same specialist.
It is necessary to pay attention to protecting certain areas of the body from excessive compression with an adhesive plaster, avoiding pressure on blood vessels and nerve bundles.
Do not apply tape if there is intense pain, tissue swelling, if there is hair, or on dirty or moistened skin. If there are microdamages on the area (abrasions, etc.), the wounds should be treated with an antiseptic solution and a bandage or bactericidal adhesive plaster should be applied.

Types of taping of the femoral area

There are several options for hip taping:

Inner and back surfaces. Used for pathological conditions and cases:

pain and tension in muscle bundles;
posture correction;
hamstring weakness;
popliteal ligament sprain;
imbalance of muscle bundles of the inner femoral surface;
prevention of sports injuries and improvement of sports performance;
postoperative rehabilitation.

Hip joint and gluteal muscle. Used for pathological phenomena:

and inflammation of the articular joint;
injury (tailbone bruises, ligament injuries, sprains, etc.)
fractures of the pelvic skeletal system;
excessive tension in muscle fibers;
curvature of the lumbar spine.

When gluing special strips, you must follow the basic rules:

Preliminary preparation of the skin.
The anchors of the tape (end sections at a distance of three to five centimeters) are applied freely (without any tension), and the main section with a certain tension.
The stripes are activated using rubbing movements.

Quadriceps femoral muscle. In this case, the most suitable combination of tapes will be in the form of an initial overlay of stripes in the form of a grid, and a secondary overlay in the form of a longitudinal strip on top.
Adductor femoris muscle. The application is carried out with the lower limb bent at the knee joint at an angle of 90 0. At some distance from the groin area, fix the tape anchor. Then slowly move your leg away and secure the second end of the patch.

Posterior femoral muscle. Before applying the tape, it should be prepared in the form of a Y-shaped strip. Gluing is carried out on the leg in a state of extension in the knee joint. To achieve this position, the patient is placed in a slightly forward position. The anchor of the tape is applied to the upper femoral joint. Next, with a tension of approximately 10%, the patch is glued in the direction of the biceps muscle up to the popliteal fossa.

Thigh muscle taping is a popular primary or secondary therapy technique to reduce pain, swelling and inflammation, relax and support muscles, and ensure ligamentous stability.

Taping the back and inner surface hips is effective in the following cases:

muscle tension and pain;
posture correction;
weak hamstring;
sprained hamstrings;
imbalance of the muscles of the inner thigh;
prevention of sports injuries and improvement of performance;
postoperative rehabilitation.

Taping pelvis hip joint and gluteal muscle are used in the following situations:

osteoarthritis and arthritis;
traumatic injuries (tailbone bruises, ligament damage, sprains, etc.)
stress fractures of the pelvic bone;
piriformis syndrome;
muscle strain;
curvature lumbar region spine.

How to apply tape to the thigh

When applying, it is important to follow the basic rules of kinesio taping:

Prepare the skin in advance;
Tape anchors (3-5 cm ends) are applied without tension, and the main part with a given tension;
The tape is activated by rubbing.

When taping the quadriceps femoris muscle the best option is a combination of tapes where you first made a mesh and then applied a longitudinal stripe.

The application is carried out on the leg bent at the knee at an angle of 90 degrees. It is necessary to fix the anchor of the tape at a short distance from the groin, then slowly move the leg away and secure the other end of the patch.

Before the procedure, it is necessary to prepare a Y-shaped strip of tape. The application is made on the leg straightened at the knee. Ask the patient to lean forward slightly. The anchor of the tape is applied to the upper thigh joint, then with a tension of 10% the patch is glued in the direction of the biceps muscle up to the popliteal fossa.

PhysioTape No.1 and CureTape® work very well when dealing with the so-called “piriformis syndrome”. Latest Scientific research piriformis syndrome showed that similar symptoms are associated with the muscle fibers of the gluteal muscle, which are much more superficial. The direction of these fibers is parallel to the direction of the piriformis muscle. In addition, there is a general complex of neurological duplication in the zone of segmental innervation, which will also bring a positive result.

There are three reasons why it is advisable to use cooling when taping the thigh. Cooling gel helps:

Dampen the pain that causes reactive hyperemia by influencing the nervous system. But if the pain has caused hypertension, taping with PhysioTape No.1 and CureTape® works faster and more gently, as it improves blood circulation in the corresponding fibers.
Dampen pain caused by swelling by affecting blood circulation. Cooling produces vasoconstriction and subsequently reactive vasodilation. Vasoconstriction essentially prevents the period of swelling, while reducing local pressure is actually the goal of treatment. Vascular expansion and increased edema may occur, as a consequence of a further increase in pressure and additional disruption of local circulation, which leads to increased pain. Therapeutic thigh taping using PhysioTape No.1 and CureTape® brands allows you to reduce pressure and pain much faster and better.
Prevent further swelling. The arguments are the same as in the second example.

CureTape® Cooling Gel relieves pain by producing a cooling effect, such as sprains, bruises, sprains, headaches and inflammation. It reduces swelling and relieves muscle tension. Also, eases the growth of pain. Indicated for use during pregnancy, as well as for children. Cooling gel can be used in combination with PhysioTape No.1 and CureTape®

Transcript

1 GUIDE TO KINESIO TAPING

2 Contents Introduction General recommendations on using kinesio tape How to apply kinesio tape to muscles Shoulder girdle muscles Deltoid... Teres major muscle... Large pectoral muscle... Teres minor... Major rhomboid muscle... Rhomboid minor... Triceps(triceps)... Biceps muscle (biceps)... Brachioradialis muscle... Supinator... Pronator teres... Pronator quadratus... Palmaris longus... Extensor pollicis longus... Extensor pollicis. .. Muscles of the core Anterior scalene muscle... Posterior scalene muscle... Sternocleidomastoid muscle... Longus colli, capitis, sternocleidomastoid and thyrohyoid muscles... Latissimus dorsi... Upper trapezius muscle... Middle trapezius... Lower trapezius... Rectus abdominis... External abdominal oblique... Internal abdominal oblique... Anterior diaphragm... Posterior muscle diaphragm... Erector spinae... Pelvic girdle muscles Gluteus maximus... Gluteus medius and minimus... Tensor fasciae lata... Sartorius... Adductors... Piriformis... Quadriceps thigh muscle... Hamstring... Soleus and gastrocnemius... Extensor hallucis longus... Long and short peroneal muscles... Flexor hallucis brevis for women during pregnancy Abdominal support Swelling of the ankles Lower back fatigue during menstrual pain Abdominal pain... Back pain

3 Introduction History of taping is a therapeutic method of restorative treatment based on natural methods of healing the body. Taping methods are based on activation of the nervous and circulatory systems. This method was invented based on research in the field of kinesiology, which determines the importance of muscle and body movement in the process of healing and Everyday life person. Muscles not only distribute the movements of the body's muscles, but also control blood circulation in the veins, lymphatic flow and body temperature. Impaired muscle function leads to various diseases. Special attention focuses on the importance of muscle function. It is based on the idea of treating muscles by activating natural internal healing processes body. The use of elastic tape has proven that the work of muscles and other tissues of the body can be helped by external physical influence. The use of kinesio tape creates a completely new approach to treatment nervous system, muscles and internal organs. For the first time, kinesio tape was used for joint diseases. For the first 10 years, podiatrists, chiropractors and general practitioners were the primary users of kinesio tape. Soon, kinesio tape was first tested as a preventive measure by volleyball players in Olympic Games in Japan, which quickly became known among other athletes. Today, kinesio tape is used by therapists and athletes in Japan, the USA, Europe, South America, Australia, as well as in eastern countries. Muscle Functions Muscles are constantly relaxing and contracting, returning to their normal state, but when the muscles are overtightened and constricted, for example when lifting very heavy objects, the muscles cannot recover and are burned. When a muscle is burned, inflamed, or numb from fatigue, the distance between the skin and the muscle is reduced, resulting in the flow of lymphatic fluid being compressed. This compression, in turn, is transmitted to pain receptors under the skin, which send a “sickness signal” to the brain - this is how a person feels pain. This type of pain is known as muscular or muscle pain. How kinesio tape works is based on the principle of freedom of movement, allowing the muscular system to heal itself naturally. It is kinesio tape with elasticity up to 200% that allows muscles to move freely. After application, the skin with the tape is tightened and the muscles return to their normal position. This technique tightens the skin, improves blood circulation and the movement of lymphatic fluid. Proprioceptive stimulation, working in the opposite direction of muscle contraction, also helps relax the overworked muscle. Skin Fascia Pain receptor under pressure Compressed blood vessel Inflammation Muscular tissue Compressed lymphatic vessel Free pain receptor Dilated blood vessel Dilated lymphatic vessel Kinesio tape at the micro level lifts the skin above injured muscles and ligaments, thereby ensuring the outflow of lymph and accelerating metabolism. This effect of the tape ensures a reduction in pain and a speedy recovery of tired or damaged areas of the body.

4 General recommendations for the use of kinesio tape Four main functions of kinesio tape Four main functions have been reviewed in practice and in laboratory conditions. What can you expect from kinesio tape: 1. Maintains good muscle condition: - improves contraction of weakened muscles; - relieves muscle fatigue; - reduces the likelihood of overstrain and excessive muscle contraction; - removes muscle clamps and muscle damage; - increases freedom of movement. - relieves pain 2. Eliminates fluid stagnation in the body: - improves blood and lymph circulation; - relieves heat in the body and removes harmful chemicals from tissues; - relieves inflammation; - improves poor health and relieves pain in muscles and skin. 3. Activates the internal capabilities of the body aimed at pain relief: - activates the spinal inhibitory system; - downward braking system. 4. Fights joint diseases: - regulates displacement caused by muscle spasms and clamps; - normalizes muscle tone and pathology of the fascia in the joints; - improves motor functions; - relieves pain. Indications for use: - Osteochondrosis, arthrosis, scoliosis; - Achilles bursitis, tendonitis, fasciitis; - Prevention of various sports injuries; - Post-traumatic pain syndromes of the joints of the upper and lower extremities; - Bruises of soft tissues of the torso, upper and lower extremities; - Sprain of the joints of the upper and lower extremities; - Neurological manifestations of osteochondrosis of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine; - Musculofascial pain syndromes of the trunk, upper and lower extremities. Contraindications - Open wounds and trophic ulcers; - Eczema; - Allergy to acrylic; - Xeroderma (parchment skin); - First trimester of pregnancy; - Individual intolerance.

5 How to apply kinesio tape Methods for pre-cutting tape Instructions for use 1. Determine the area where muscle fatigue or pain is felt. You can apply tapes yourself, but when taping some areas you will need the help of a partner. 2.Before applying the tape, clean the skin (alcohol-containing substances can be used). The area where the tape is applied should be dry, clean and free of grease. Otherwise, the tape may not stick securely and may come off ahead of time. 3. Gently palpate the problem area to determine how the muscle runs. Examine the muscles by flexing, extending, rotating the limb/body part (e.g., knee, elbow) on which the tape is to be applied. 4. Measure the tape to the appropriate length depending on the area you are going to tape. You may need several strips. 5. Round the corners using special Teflon-coated scissors (taping scissors). 6. Peel off the protective paper backing 3-4 cm from the end of the tape to create a base for gluing the tape (the so-called “anchor”). 7. It is important that the place where the tape is applied is in the most stretched state; create the necessary tension of the integumentary tissue yourself (example: moving your hand as far as possible to the side) or with the help of a partner. Glue the anchor where the muscles connect/attach and smooth the anchor with your hands. The heat generated during smoothing activates the adhesive acrylic layer of the tape. 8. Once the “anchor” is firmly glued, slowly peel off the rest of the backing paper, leaving room at the opposite end for a second anchor (the same size as the first). In the case of Ytape, first peel off the paper backing from one tail and stick it on. Next, remove the paper backing from the other ponytail and finish gluing the tape. Glue the second anchor without tension. 9. Depending on the application technique, the tape can be glued with or without tension (read with factory tension: usually about 10%). Please also note that subsequent smoothing of the tape is always carried out from the middle of the tape to its edges, but not vice versa, in order to avoid the ends coming off. 10. It is advisable to apply the tape minutes before physical activity. After applying the tape, you must gently rub it with your hand (from the middle to the ends) so that the heat activates the glue. Be careful with the ends of the tape, do not rub them to avoid them coming off. 11. After showering, bathing or swimming, use a towel or gauze to dry the tape.

6 Muscles of the shoulder girdle

7 Deltoid muscle Deltoid muscle - main muscle along the abduction of the humerus. Consists of anterior, middle and posterior fibers. The anterior fibers flex and produce internal rotation, the middle fibers provide impetus to move the muscles, and the posterior fibers extend and produce internal rotation. When the muscle contracts, the arm moves. When the deltoid muscle weakens due to damage to the C5-C6 spinal nerve, it becomes difficult to move the arm. Bronchitis, pleurisy, flu, as well as other diseases affecting the lungs can affect the condition of the deltoid muscle. Anterior fibers: anterior groove and superior surface of the literal part of the clavicle. Medium fibers: literal groove and superior surface of the humeral process. Posterior fibers: posterior sulcus of the scapula. Deltoid tuberosity; Sensory zone of the humerus. Nerve C5, C6 axillary nerve. - chronic shoulder dislocation; - dislocation of the acromial process of the clavicle. - Y shape - width 5 cm - length 20 cm Use Y shape tape to tape the deltoid muscle. Start applying the tape on the wide side of the deltoid muscle. Move your shoulder back a little, arm to the side. Apply the tape to the anterior fiber of the deltoid muscle. Then, the patient should rotate the arm forward so as to touch the opposite shoulder with a finger. 7

8 Teres major muscle The muscle performs the function of driving and internal rotation of the arm. Constant contraction of the teres major muscle can alter the scapulohumeral reflex, causing the scapula to move out of its normal position when the arm is raised. This condition is known as Duplay syndrome. Application of tape to the teres major muscle is intended to reduce pain and improve flexion and extension of the arm in the shoulder joint. Posterior surface of the inner angle of the scapula. Medial groove of the biceps brachii muscle. Nerve C6, C7 subscapular nerve. - Duplay syndrome; - aggravation when playing golf, tennis, baseball. - shape I - width 2.5 cm - length 15 cm The patient slightly bends the elbow and turns the arm 45. In this position, carefully apply the tape to the muscle attachment site. Turn your arm 90 degrees so that your arm is parallel to the floor. At the point where the teres major muscle reaches maximum stretch, fully attach the tape. 8

9 Pectoralis major muscle The pectoralis major muscle moves and carries out internal rotational movements humerus. Two heads: clavicular and sternocostal. The head of the clavicle, interacting with the outer part of the deltoid muscle, flexes and extends the arm. The sternocostal muscle moves, flexes the arm and extends the arm from a flexed position. Head of the clavicle: the outer surface of the medial half of the clavicle. Sternocostal part: upper surface of the sternum, six upper costal cartilages, aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen. Intertubercular groove of the humerus. Nerve C5, C8, T1 medial and lateral pectoral nerve. - pain in shoulder girdle(shoulder), arm pain, numbness, bronchitis, asthma, chest pain; - aggravation when playing golf, tennis, baseball. - Y shape - width 5 cm - length cm The patient stands with his shoulder turned back. Start applying Y-shaped tape from the intertubercular groove of the humerus. Expand your shoulder wider, extending your arm slightly back to attach the ends of the tape to the clavicular and sternocostal heads. 9

10 Teres minor muscle The teres minor muscle, together with the infraspinatus muscle, rotates the arm; The infraspinatus muscle, subscapularis muscle and pectoralis minor muscle hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity of the scapula. A weak teres minor muscle can lead to shoulder dislocation, which is common in basketball players. Weakening of the muscle may be due to damage to the axillary nerve. Upper part of the lateral border of the scapula. The lower articular surface (facet) of the greater tuberosity of the humerus. Nerve C5-C6 Axillary nerve. - Duplay syndrome; - bronchial neuralgia. - form I - width 2.5 cm - length 10 cm The patient moves his arm slightly to the side and turns his elbow. Attach the ends of the tape to the beginning of the teres minor muscle. Bend your arm at the shoulder to 100, turn your elbow inward for stronger muscle tension. Apply the tape to the greater tuberosity of the teres minor muscle. 10

11 Rhomboid major muscle: Retracts the shoulder blades; rotates the glenoid cavity of the scapula downward; fixes the scapula in the chest. Connected to the pectoralis minor muscle, helps maintain correct posture. Poor posture affects both the pectoralis minor and the serratus anterior muscles. Allows the shoulder blade to protrude, support the shoulders and move the head forward. Heterotopic pain can occur with inflammation of the lungs or gall bladder of the posterior chest wall in the area of the rhomboid major muscle. Pain also occurs in the front of the chest; this may affect the sternocostal portion of the pectoralis major muscle. Spinous process of vertebrae T2-T5. The medial border of the scapula from the spine to the innermost angle of the scapula. Nerve C4-C5 Dorsal nerve of the scapula. - pain in the shoulder blade; - rib subluxation; - frozen shoulder. - shape X - width 5 cm - length 12.5 cm First, the patient must move his arm so that the shoulder rotates and it is possible to see the bone of the scapula. Holding both ends of the Type X tape, apply it to the “belly” of the rhomboid major muscle. Next, turn the patient's arm parallel to the floor so that it clasps the body in front, while grabbing the edge of the hips. When the shoulder blade is in an open position and slightly downward, apply the ends of the tape so that it is not under tension. eleven

12 Rhomboid minor muscle: Retracts the shoulder blades; rotates the glenoid cavity of the scapula downward; fixes the scapula in the chest. Connected to the pectoralis minor muscle, helps maintain correct posture. Poor posture affects both the pectoralis minor and the serratus anterior muscles. Allows the shoulder blade to protrude, support the shoulders and move the head forward. Heterotopic pain can occur with inflammation of the lungs or gall bladder in the back of the chest wall in the area of the rhomboid major muscle. Pain also occurs in the front of the chest; this may affect the sternocostal portion of the pectoralis major muscle. Nuchal ligament and spinous process of vertebrae C7-T1. The medial border of the scapula is at the level of the spine of the scapula. Nerve C4-C5 Dorsal nerve of the scapula. - pain in the upper part of the shoulder blade; - frozen shoulder. - form I - width 2.5 cm - length 10 cm The patient bends his elbow 90 degrees at shoulder level, then he needs to bring his hand in front of him and stop at the level of the shoulder blade. You need to apply the tape starting from the C7-T1 vertebrae. Next, the patient lowers his hand to hip level, the tape can be secured. 12

13 Triceps muscle (triceps) According to its name, the triceps muscle has three heads. Allows extension of the arm (long head) and forearm (long, lateral and medial head). The long head also allows for fixation of the abducted head of the humerus. Long head of the triceps: under the articular tubercle of the scapula. Lateral head of triceps: back surface humerus, below the greater tuberosity. Middle head of triceps: posterior surface of the humerus, below the radial groove. Process of the ulna. Nerve C6-C8 Radial nerve. - deformation of the elbow joint; - tennis elbow, pain in the elbow joint when bending. - shape X - width 5 cm - length cm The patient bends his arm to 45. Start applying the tape from the olecranon process. Then the patient bends the elbow 90 degrees. The ends of the tape are secured to the shoulder, while both the arm and shoulder are bent. 13

14 Biceps muscle (biceps) The biceps muscle flexes the forearm at the humerus. Also designed to flex the arm and help keep the anterior portion of the humeral head within the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Short head of the biceps: coracoid process of the scapula. Long head of biceps: under the articular tubercle of the scapula. Lateral head of biceps: posterior surface of the humerus, below the greater tuberosity. Middle head of the biceps: posterior surface of the humerus, below the radial groove. Tuberosity radius, fascia of the forearm through the aponeurosis of the biceps brachii muscle. Nerve C5-C6 Musculocutaneous nerve. - tennis elbow and other diseases that cause pain when extending the elbow; - tendon injuries. - shape X - width 5 cm - length 25 cm The patient bends his arm slightly at the elbow joint. Start applying the tape by slightly crossing it in the cubital fossa. The rest of the tape is applied to the forearm. To do this, you need to turn your arm outward and extend it, carefully secure the upper part of the tape inside the armpit, and the ends of the tape along the edges of the biceps muscle. 14

15 Brachioradialis muscle The brachioradialis muscle is a strong flexor of the forearm. Can function as both a supinator and a pronator of the forearm, but usually as a supinator of the forearm. Provides connection between the three forearm flexors: the biceps muscle, which acts as a supinator, brachialis muscle, which acts as the main flexor of the forearm in all positions. The brachioradialis muscle flexes and brings the forearm into a free position. Lateral supracondylar process of the humerus, lateral intermuscular septum. Lateral, anterior and 1/3 posterior part of the radius. Nerve C5-C7 Radial nerve. - graphospasm; - pain along the brachioradialis muscle. - shape I or Y - width 5 cm - length cm Angle between the patient's forearm and elbow 45. Place one edge of the tape at the beginning of the muscle. As you straighten, move the tape to the muscle attachment site. When the arm is fully straightened at the elbow, secure the tape. 15

16 Supinator The supinator is divided into superficial and deep layers, together with the biceps muscle it flexes the forearm. When the supinator becomes weaker, the biceps muscle is unable to flex the forearm. This suggests that the supinator plays an important role in forearm flexion. The arch support is pierced by a deep branch of the radial nerve, which can be compressed. Lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Collateral radius, annular ligaments of the wrist. Process of the ulna. Shell-shaped process of the radius. Nerve C6 Radial nerve. - acute pain when bending with the resistance of the instep support and full extension of the forearm; - tennis elbow. - form I - width 5 cm - length cm The tape is applied to the back of the arm near the process of the ulna towards the lateral part of the forearm. Bend the patient's arm slightly at the elbow. Apply the tape when extending your arm along the arch support. Secure the tape in the middle of the ulna. 16

17 Pronator teres Extends and flexes the forearm elbow joint. The pronator quadratus muscle, located in the distal forearm, assists the pronator teres muscle in extending the forearm. Lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Lateral intermuscular septum. The middle of the surface of the radius. Nerve C6-C7 Radial nerve. - acute pain when straightening the forearm; - golfer's elbow. - form I - width 5 cm - length cm The tape is applied to the back of the arm near the process of the ulna towards the lateral part of the forearm. Bend the patient's arm slightly at the elbow. Apply the tape when extending the arm along the pronator teres muscle. Secure the tape in the middle of the radius bone. 17

18 Pronator quadratus The pronator quadratus, together with the pronator teres, extends the forearm. The pronator quadratus muscle has a greater influence on the process of forearm extension than pronator teres. The deep fibers of the pronator quadratus muscle connect the ulna and radius. Bottom part surface of the ulna. The lower part of the anterior surface of the radius. Nerve C8, T1 Median nerve. - pain when rotating the forearm and wrist; - De Quervain's disease; - carpal tunnel syndrome. - shape I - width 5 cm - length 20 cm Bend the patient's arm and place one edge of the tape on the base of the thumb. Turn your hand over and place the tape on the back of your wrist and spiral it around to your palm. Attach the tape to the side of the epicondyle of the lateral part of the humerus. 18

19 Palmaris longus The palmaris longus muscle allows you to flex the hand at the wrist and compress the palmar aponeurosis. Recently, tennis players and golfers have developed a condition known as tennis elbow. This is not to say that this problem is only due to muscle dysfunction. However, if there is insufficient physical activity or gradually increasing dysfunction of a given muscle occurs muscle imbalance. This muscle imbalance, whether new or chronic, occurs when the forearm is moved. Internal condyle of the humerus. Flexor carpi retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis. Nerve C7-C8 Median nerve. - contracture of the smooth aponeurosis; - carpal tunnel syndrome. - Y shape - width 5 cm - length 20 cm Slightly bend the patient's arm at the elbow and wrist. Apply tape to long palmaris muscle from elbow to wrist (closer to the edges). Straighten your arm and wrist and finish taping by dividing the tape into two parts from the wrist and running the ends along the edges of your palm. 19

20 Extensor pollicis longus Extension and extension of the wrist is controlled by the short and extensor longus wrists. The extensor of the index and middle fingers and the extensor of the little fingers act as additional help during extension. Extension of the fingers depends on the extensor muscles of the index and little fingers. The phalanx of the finger consists of the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. Recently, in this muscle group, due to everyday stress and working conditions, disorders are increasingly appearing. Central part of the posterior surface of the ulna. Interosseous membrane of the forearm. Posterior surface of the base of the last phalanx of the thumb. Nerve C7-C8 Radial nerve. - extensor tendinitis; - ganglion. - Y shape - width 5 cm - length 20 cm Apply Y type tape, starting from the base of the thumb to the dorsal surface. Attach the tape to the edges of your thumb. Hold it down thumb to the palm and apply the tape along the muscle. 20

21 Extensor carpi brevis Extensor carpi brevis and extensor carpi longus muscles extend and extend the wrist. The extensor muscles of the index and middle fingers and the extensor muscles of the little fingers act as additional aids in extension. Extension of the fingers depends on the extensor muscles of the index and little fingers. The phalanx of the finger consists of the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. Lately, this muscle group is increasingly showing disturbances due to everyday stress and working conditions. Lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Dorsal surface of the first phalanx of the little finger. Nerve C7-C8 Radial nerve. - elbow bone; - inflammation of the tendon sheath of the little finger. - Y shape - width 5 cm - length cm Apply Y type tape to the back of the patient's hand (starting from the little finger and ring finger to the wrist). Then the patient should clench his hand into a fist and hold it until the end of the tape is applied along the muscle. 21

22 Core muscles

23 Anterior scalene muscle The scalene muscles, as a group, act as both lateral flexor muscles and anterior flexor muscles of the cervical spine. They can also rotate their neck on their own. Symptoms of damage to the anterior scalene muscle can also be identified when flexing the neck to the painful side, where referred pain extends to the 3-4 cervical vertebrae to the top of the clavicle. Referred pain goes from the posterior scalene muscle at the level of the cervical vertebrae to the top of the shoulder, as well as to the medial border of the scapula. Anterior tuberosity of the transverse processes of 3-5 cervical vertebrae. Tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle of the first rib (medial part of 2/3 of the radius). Nerve C5-C6 Posterior branches (motor nerve). - anterior scalene muscle syndrome; - cervical spine; - compression syndrome of the superior aperture chest; - shoulder girdle syndrome. - shape I - width 5 cm - length 10 cm Apply tape to the muscle attachment site (approximately 1/3 along the collarbone). Slowly turn your head in the opposite direction. Apply tape along the neck. 23

24 Posterior scalene muscle When the muscle works, the neck rotates, while the head turns in the opposite direction. The simultaneous contraction of the muscle bends the neck so that the chin is pulled forward. The muscle also helps in raising the sternum during breathing. Posterior tuberosity of the transverse processes of 4-7 cervical vertebrae. The outer surface of the upper border of the second rib. Nerve C2-C8 Posterior branches (motor nerve). - stretching in cervical spine spine; - syndrome of the anterior scalene muscle of the cervical spine; - shoulder girdle syndrome; - herniated disc in the cervical spine. - shape I - width 2.5 cm - length 10 cm Place the tape in the notch between the collarbone and the free edge of the trapezius muscle, almost to the brachial process. Turn your neck in the opposite direction. Secure the tape along your neck. 24

25 Sternocleidomastoid muscle When the muscle works, the neck rotates, while the head turns in the opposite direction. The simultaneous contraction of the muscle bends the neck so that the chin is pulled forward. The muscle also helps in raising the sternum during breathing. Anterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum. 1/3 of the sternal rib of the upper anterior surface of the clavicle. Mastoid process of the temporal bone; outer half of the nuchal line occipital bone. Nerve C2-C3 Root of the spinal cranial nerve (accessory nerve). - sprains in the cervical spine; - syndrome of the anterior scalene muscle of the cervical spine; - shoulder girdle syndrome; - herniated disc in the cervical spine. - Y shape - width 2.5 cm - length cm In order to stretch the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the patient must tilt his head to the side. Place one edge of the tape on the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull, as well as on the protruding core of the muscle. To see the head of the clavicle, tilt your head without changing the rotation of your head. Apply the tape to the processes of the collarbone. Make sure the tape is stretching your neck. 25

26 Longus colli, capitis, sternocleidomastoid, thyrohyoid The longus capitis and longus colli are designed to jointly flex the neck, while the underlying semispinalis and suboccipital muscles extend the cervical spine. The sternohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles are designed to maintain the position of the hyoid bone during swallowing, coughing and speaking. Longus capitis muscle: base of the occipital bone. Longus colli muscle: anterior tubercle C1, vertebrae C1-C3, transverse process of vertebrae C3-C6. Sternocleidomastoid muscle: posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum and medial end of the clavicle. Thyrohyoid muscle: oblique line of the thyroid cartilage. Longus capitis muscle: anterior tubercle of the transverse process of vertebrae C3-C6. Longus colli muscle: vertebrae C5-C3, transverse process of vertebrae C3-C5. Sternocleidomastoid muscle: hyoid bone. Thyrohyoid muscle: hyoid bone. Nerve C1-C6 Spinal nerves, loop-shaped structure.. - torticollis of the chronic stage; - compression syndrome of the upper thoracic outlet. - Y shape - width 2.5 cm - length cm The patient should tilt his neck at an angle of 45, apply the wide end of the tape to the manubrium of the sternum. Slowly tilt your head back. Apply tape at the points of maximum stretch. 26

27 Latissimus dorsi The latissimus dorsi is a large, thin, triangular muscle. Starting from the lower half of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, the belly of the muscle becomes gradually thinner, and on the side of the body it passes to the front of the body. Both during muscle adduction and rotation shoulder joint, the latissimus dorsi muscle works to a greater extent than the pectoralis major muscle. The latissimus dorsi muscle also directs the humerus and scapula downward. This allows you to control your body with your hands. There is an assumption that there is a connection between the latissimus dorsi muscle and the pancreas, due to which, when this muscle is dysfunctional, diabetes, hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia and other diseases associated with blood sugar circulation can occur. But this hypothesis is still at the research stage. Spinous process of the 5th and 6th thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, external lip of the iliac crest. Spinous process of the sacrum and the inferior angle of the scapula. Posterior lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus. Nerve C6-C8 Radial nerve. - chest pain; - idiopathic scoliosis; - Duplay syndrome. - shape I - width 5 cm - length 40 cm Start applying the tape from the spinous processes of the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae of the corresponding side. Gradually moving up along the belly of the muscle, apply tape. The patient raises his shoulder, moves his arm up and in the opposite direction from the applied one. Apply the tape up to the lesser tubercle of the humerus. 27

28 Upper trapezius muscle The trapezius muscle consists of 3 parts: upper, middle and lower muscle fibers. The upper muscle fiber is in turn divided into the upper and lower limb regions. Muscle fiber upper area helps lift the upper limbs, while the muscle fiber of the inner region helps not only lift, but also rotate and move the shoulder blades. When lifting objects, the upper trapezius muscle acts as a support and counterweight to the distal clavicle and the lateral spine of the scapula. Occipital external protuberance, 1/3 of the highest nuchal line of the nuchal bone, nuchal ligaments. Literal 1/3 of the posterior surface of the clavicle. Nerve C2-C4 Spinal accessory nerve. - hernia of the cervical vertebra; - pain in the cervical and shoulder girdle; - frozen shoulder; - sprains in the cervical spine. - shape I or Y - width 2.5 cm - length cm The patient should tilt his head to the side by 45. Attach one end of the tape just below the scalp. While placing the second end on the acromion process, turn the patient's head in the other direction. The patient relaxes the upper trapezius muscle, tape is applied to the acromion process, the head is turned in the other direction, the rest of the tape is applied along the belly of the muscle to the hairline. 28

29 Middle trapezius muscle The trapezius muscle consists of three parts: upper, middle and lower muscle fibers. The middle trapezius muscle moves the scapula. When the middle trapezius muscle relaxes, then the arm rises and the shoulder blade smoothly comes out. Posterior longitudinal ligament. Spinous process of the 7th cervical and upper thoracic vertebra. Upper lip of the spine of the scapula. Nerve C2-C4 Spinal accessory nerve. - hernia of the cervical vertebra; - pain in the cervical and shoulder girdle; - frozen shoulder; - sprains in the cervical spine. - Y shape - width 5 cm - length 25 cm Apply the tape starting from the lateral end of the spine of the scapula. The patient raises his arm to 90 degrees and bends his arm at the shoulder. Next, the patient needs to hold his hand in front of him, the tape is applied along the belly of the muscle to the spinous process from C6 to T3. 29

30 Lower trapezius muscle The trapezius muscle consists of three parts: the upper, middle and lower muscle fibers. The lower trapezius muscle moves and elevates, but it also depresses the scapula. If the lower trapezius muscle does not work, the scapula cannot support and there is not enough joint rotation to fully flex the humerus. Supraspinatus ligament and spinous process of the lower thoracic vertebra. The upper border and tuberosity are at the level of the spine of the scapula. Nerve C2-C4 Spinal accessory nerve. - hernia of the cervical vertebra; - pain in the cervical and shoulder girdle; - frozen shoulder; - sprains in the cervical spine. - Y shape - width 5 cm - length 30 cm Place the wide end of the tape on the middle of the shoulder blade. The patient needs to fully straighten the shoulder and move the shoulder blades. Apply one short end of the tape in the area of the T4 vertebra and the other short (lower) end of the tape in the area of the T12 spinous process. The patient should then place his hand in front of his chest and reach the opposite shoulder with his hand. thirty

31 External Abdominal Oblique The two external abdominal obliques run down and meet in the middle; bending around the trunk. When the muscle fibers on one side work, the body bends to the side, and the trunk goes in the opposite direction. Lower upper surface from 5th to 12th ribs. Linea alba. Anterior iliac crest. Nerve T7-T12 Anterior branches. - lumbago; - hernia of the lumbar spine; - ossification of costal cartilages; - colitis. - shape I, Y - width 5 cm - length 20 cm Start applying the tape just below the navel in the area of the upper anterior iliac axis, move the tape slightly to the side from it. Apply the tape along the belly of the muscle to the xyphoid process on the side. 31

32 Rectus abdominis The rectus abdominis primarily flexes the upper lumbar spine. When one side moves, it helps bend the spine to the side. When you raise your head and straighten your back, the muscle comes into action. It also compresses the internal organs of the abdominal region. If the rectus abdominis muscle is weak, then lower section the back feels pain or fullness. As one side weakens, shoulder movement becomes less active and more difficult. In many cases during pregnancy, the flexibility and elasticity of the muscle is lost as a result of childbirth. Process of the pubic bone. Pubic symphysis. Increment of xyphoid, 5-6 costal cartilages. Nerve T5-T12 Anterior branches. - spinal stenosis spondylolysis; - displacement of the vertebrae. - form I - width 5 cm - length 25 cm The patient is in a supine position, he needs to raise his head and bend both knees. Start applying the tape from the xyphoid process in the area of 5-6 costal cartilages with 20% tension. You can straighten your legs, continue to keep your neck bent, and finish applying the tape at the symphysis pubis. 32

33 Internal Abdominal Oblique The internal abdominal oblique muscle extends in three directions and assists in lumbar flexion and spinal rotation. This muscle is mainly responsible for rotating the spine. The fascia iliaca is closer to the lateral posterior groove ligament. The anterior half of the sacrum of the ilium. The tuberosity of the pubis, the middle part of the scallops, the lower border of the ribs. Aponeurosis. The lower groove of the ribs. Nerve T7-T12 Iliohypogastric nerve. - lumbago; - hernia of the lumbar spine; - ossification of costal cartilages; - colitis. - form I - width 2.5 cm - length 20 cm In the supine position, the patient should bend forward slightly. Start applying the tape to the area of the anterior superior iliac axis. The patient must straighten up, the tape is applied along the muscle. 33

34 Anterior Diaphragm The internal abdominal oblique muscle extends in three directions and assists in flexion of the lumbar spine and rotation of the spine. This muscle is mainly responsible for rotating the spine. Thoracic region: dorsum of the xyphoid process. Costal region: the inner surface of the 6 lower costal cartilages and the 6 lower ribs on the other side, intertwining the abdominal muscles. Lumbar: The upper lumbar vertebrae and the two fibrous arches that run from the vertebral column to the transverse process groove. Tendon center of the diaphragm. Nerve C3-C5 Phrenic nerve. - inflated diaphragm with increased intrathoracic pressure; - angina pectoris; - stomach ache. - form I - width 2.5 cm - length 20 cm In the supine position, the patient should bend forward slightly. Start applying the tape to the area of the anterior superior iliac axis. The patient must straighten up, the tape is applied along the muscle. 34

35 Posterior Diaphragm The internal abdominal oblique muscle extends in three directions and assists in flexion of the lumbar spine and rotation of the spine. This muscle is mainly responsible for rotating the spine. Thoracic region: dorsum of the xyphoid process. Costal region: the inner surface of the 6 lower costal cartilages and the 6 lower ribs on the other side, intertwining the abdominal muscles. Lumbar: The upper lumbar vertebrae and the two fibrous arches that run from the vertebral column to the transverse process groove. Tendon center of the diaphragm. Nerve C3-C5 Phrenic nerve. - inflated diaphragm with increased intrathoracic pressure; - angina pectoris; - stomach ache. - form I - width 2.5 cm - length 20 cm In the supine position, the patient should bend forward slightly. Start applying the tape to the area of the anterior superior iliac axis. The patient must straighten up, the tape is applied along the muscle. 35

36 Erector spinae muscle The erector spinae muscle consists of three large muscles: iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis muscles. Their functions include: stretching the spine, which is very important for maintaining correct posture and the ability to move the corps forward. The iliocostalis muscle extends most laterally, following the longissimus muscle and the spinalis muscle, which is located in the middle. The iliocostal also goes around the sides of the spinal column. Upper muscles iliocostal muscle and longissimus muscle go to the head bone. Sacrum, iliac crest, posterior tuberous ligaments, dorsal sacroiliac ligaments, spinous processes of the T11-T5 vertebrae and their interspinous ligaments, thoracolumbar aponeurosis. Angles of the ribs, processes of the transverse groove of the upper vertebrae. Dorsal branch of the spinal nerve. - lumbar pain; - dysfunctional pain syndrome of the temporomandibular joint; - deformation of the lumbar region; - inflammation of oscillating ribs. - form I - width 5 cm - length 27.5 cm The patient is in a standing position. Start applying the tape from the sacrum bone. Then the patient should lean forward a little, apply one end of the tape along the belly of the muscle. Stick to 5-10 between ends of tape. Apply the second end of the tape in the same way as the first along the belly of the muscle. 36

37 Pelvic girdle and lower limb belt

38 Gluteus maximus The gluteus maximus stretches the buttocks; it also serves to rotate the femur. 1/3 of the upper part of the muscle can abduct and 2/3 adduct the femur. The muscle can stretch (approximately 15), adduct (20), externally rotate (approximately 45), and slightly abduct the femur. The gluteus maximus muscle is particularly active when a person rises from a chair or climbs stairs. The ilium is behind the posterior gluteal line. Posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx. Tuberous ligaments. The iliotibial band is a long thin bundle of fibers of the fascia lata. Gluteal process of the femur. Nerve L5, S1, S2 Inferior gluteal nerve. - lumbago; - lumbosacral region; - inflammation of the hip joint; - gluteal-iliac joint. - Y shape - width 5 cm - length 30 cm The patient lies on his side. Apply the tape base starting from the greater trochanter of the femur. Abduct the patient's hip and place the ends of the tape on the femur and gradually return to the original position. Bend the hip so that the patient's foot rests on the couch, then apply the ends of the tape to the top of the sacrum and along the edges of the gluteus maximus muscle. 38

39 Gluteus medius and minimus Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus abduct the femur; they also serve to rotate the femur. Their main function is to support the cup-shaped cavity (pelvis) when the leg is raised. The upper flesh of the gluteus maximus cannot abduct the femur; the gluteus medius and minimus can perform these functions independently. The front flesh of the gluteus medius helps in flexing the femur, while its back flesh helps in extension. The gluteus minimus works in abduction and internal rotation of the hip joint, and it also assists the gluteus medius in its functions. Dorsal region: The outer surface of the ilium between the iliac sacrum and the posterior gluteal line. Abdominal region: anterior gluteal line. Gluteal aponeurosis. Oblique process of the lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur. Nerve L5 - S1 Superior gluteal nerve. - lumbago; - lumbosacral region; - inflammation of the hip joint; - gluteal-iliac joint. - Y shape - width 5 cm - length 17.5 cm Just like when taping the gluteus maximus muscle, apply the base of the tape starting from the greater trochanter of the femur. Abduct the patient's hip and place the ends of the tape on the femur and gradually return to the starting position. Apply the ends of the tape when the femur is rotated so that the patient’s foot rests on the couch. 39

40 Tensor fascia lata Tensor fascia lata together with the large gluteal muscle makes the hip joint stable and ensures the stable condition of the femur. Since the muscle overlaps the axis of the knee, it also helps straighten the knee. Superior anterior iliac axis and anterior iliac crest. External condyle tibia through the iliotibial tract. Nerve L4 L5 Superior gluteal nerve. - hernia of intervertebral discs; - inflammation of the hip joint; - sensitivity at the lateral meniscus knee joint; - lumbosacral radiculitis. - form I - width 5 cm - length 20 cm The patient lies on his side, the thighs are connected. Place one end of the tape on the iliac crest. The tape should pass along the greater trochanter of the femur. While applying the tape, slowly move the patient's leg to the side. When the foot reaches maximum extension in this position, secure the tape. 40

41 Sartorius The sartorius muscle flexes, abducts, and internally rotates the femur and also helps flex the leg at the knee joint. Although most of these muscles are located in the front of the femur, they serve to flex and internally rotate the knee joint. When the sartorius muscle weakens, pain appears in the knee and cup. The muscle's name comes from a body position that was very popular with tailors hundreds of years ago - a sitting cross-legged position. The superior anterior iliac axis descends to the top of the sciatic notch. Closer to the upper and middle surface of the tibia. Nerve L2 L3 Femoral nerve. - disease of the hip joint; - diseases of the knee joint. - form I - width 2.5 cm - length 45 cm The patient lies on his back, leaning on his elbow, the thigh is abducted to the side, the knee is turned to the side and slightly bent. Apply one end of the tape to the area closest to the middle of the tibia. Apply the tape to the superior anterior iliac axis at an angle. Rotate the patient's hip inward and straighten the hip and knee along the patient's body. NOTE: if the tape pulls when walking, remove and reapply with less tension. 41

42 Adductor Muscles The adductor muscles as a group serve to move the femur in the cup through the hip joint. The adductor magnus muscle is divided into the adductor and hamstring muscles. The adductor adductor adducts and flexes the femur, while the hip joint adducts and extends the femur. The adductor magnus muscle also serves as a weak internal rotator of the hip joint. The adductor longus muscle adducts and flexes the femur and also assists in rotating the femur, but weakly. The adductor brevis muscle adducts and flexes the femur and also weakly rotates the hips. The thin muscle adducts the femur, bends the leg at the knee, and helps rotate it in the middle. The pectineus muscle adducts and flexes the femur and also helps internally rotate it at the hip joint. Adductor muscle: internal branch of the pubis, branch of the ischium, ischial tuberosity. Adductor longus: body of the pubis of the inferior pubic crest. Adductor brevis: body and internal branch of the pubis. Gracilis muscle: body and internal branch of the pubis. Pectineus muscle: internal branch of the pubis. Adductor muscle: gluteal tuberosity, rough line femur, midcondylar line, adductor tubercle of the femur. Adductor longus muscle: middle part of the linea aspera of the femur. Adductor brevis: linea pectinea and proximal linea aspera of the femur. Thin muscle: top part tibia. Pectineus muscle: pectineal line of the femur. - disease of the hip joint; - diseases of the knee joint; - diseases of the cup-shaped cavity. Nerve Adductor muscle: B2, L3, L4 Obturator and tibial nerves. Adductor longus: L2, L3, L4 Obturator nerve. Adductor brevis: L2, L3, L4 Obturator nerve. Gracilis muscle: L2, L3 Obturator and femoral nerves. Pectineus muscle: L2, L3, L4 Obturator nerve. - shape I - width 5 cm - length 20 cm Bend the knee 90, adduct the femur. Place one end of the tape slightly away from the groin. Then slowly move your leg away. When the leg is fully abducted, secure the tape. 42

43 Piriformis muscle The piriformis muscle performs external rotation and abduction of the hips. The muscle interacts with the internal obturator muscle, top and bottom, quadratus muscle hips, holds the femoral head in the acetabulum. When the piriformis muscle becomes weaker, it sometimes leads to adverse effects in the sciatic nerve (% of the nerve endings pass through this muscle into the buttocks). Paresthesia or pain may occur with contusion. The anterior surface of the buttocks inside the cup-shaped cavity and tuberous ligaments. The upper border of the greater trochanter of the femur. Nerve S1-S2 Sacral plexus. - disease of the piriformis muscle; - disease of the hip joint; - inflammation of the piriformis muscle. - Y shape - width 5 cm - length 15 cm The patient lies on his side, the knee is bent to 120, the hip is abducted. Start applying the wide end of the tape towards the sacrum. Leaving the ends of the tape loose, slowly bend the patient's leg toward the chest. Secure the tape. 43

44 Quadriceps femoris The quadriceps femoris is a strong knee extensor and consists of four muscles: the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis. In this group, only the rectus femoris muscle crosses the two articular joints. This means that this muscle is involved in the movement of two joints. Subgroups of the quadriceps femoris muscle help the iliopsoas muscle to flex the hip. Rectus femoris: anterior superior iliac axis, groove around the acetabulum. Intermediate vastus muscle: upper 2/3 of the anterior surface of the body of the femur. Vastus medialis: distal half of the intertrochanteric line, the medial portion of the thigh of the linea aspera of the femur closest to the insertion of the mid supracondylar line. Vastus literalis: the anterior part of the greater trochanter of the femur and the lower edge of the greater trochanter of the femur, the literal lip of the linea aspera of the femur. Base of the patella. Nerve L2-L4 Femoral nerve. - prolapse of internal organs; - pain in the thoracic back. - form I - width 5 cm - length cm The patient lies on his back, the knee is extended. Apply the tape to the belly of the quadriceps muscle, directing the tape towards the patella. Divide one edge of the tape into two ends to create a Y-shape. Bend your knee and stick the ends of the tape around the patella, then extend the tape in a wide strip to the tibia. 44

45 Hamstring (biceps femoris) The semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris muscles extend the femur and flex the knee joint. The semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles can internally rotate the leg. The short head of the biceps femoris muscle bends the leg and performs internal rotation of the knee joint. When the femur and leg are flexed, these muscles can also extend through the cupping cavity. Thus, the quadriceps femoris muscle is designed to stabilize the lumbar region. It extends the femur and helps internal and external rotation of the leg at the knee joint. Semimembranosus muscle: ischial tuberosity. Semitendinosus muscle: ischial tuberosity. Biceps femoris: ischial tuberosity, linea aspera of the femur. Semimembranosus muscle: posterior part of the medial condyle of the tibia. Semitendinosus muscle: anteromedial portion of the proximal tibia. Biceps femoris: head of the fibula. Nerve L5, S1, S2 Tibial nerve (semimembranosus, semitendinosus, long head biceps femoris). General peroneal nerve (short head biceps femoris). - internal imbalance of the knee joint; - osteoarthritis of the knee joint; - contusion of the internal lateral ligament of the knee joint; - bruise of the semilunar cartilage. - Y shape - width 5 cm - length cm The patient lies on his stomach, the knee is slightly bent, the thigh is slightly extended. Apply the tape from the proximal line of the thigh to the ischial tuberosity. Then slowly straighten your knee joint and place one end of the tape on one edge. Then bend your knee again. Apply the other end of the tape to the other side of the knee joint. 45

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Leg taping is one of the most common methods of combating acute and chronic injuries. The advantages of choosing tape include exceptional ease of use and precise application at the site of injury.

Muscle complex of the posterior thigh

The posterior surface of the thigh is a muscle complex that ensures flexion of the lower limb at the knee joint.

Click to enlarge

The back of the thigh is represented by muscles:

The biceps femoris muscle has two heads located parallel to each other on the lateral side of the femur.
The semimembranosus muscle is located on the medial side of the thigh.
The semitendinosus muscle of the thigh, located central to the semimembranosus muscle.
The adductor magnus muscle, which is the inner surface of the thigh.
The beginning of this muscle is on the posterior surface, so taping it must begin from the very beginning, that is, from the posterior surface.

Indications for taping the back of the thigh

Taping is a medical procedure that involves gentle immobilization of a limb, so its use on a healthy muscle is quite controversial.

Indications for taping the back of the thigh:

Stretching of an anatomical formation. Thigh pain on palpation and movement. No obvious signs of inflammation (swelling, redness)
Sprain (the pain subsides at rest, but when even a small range of motion is resumed, the pain resumes with new strength and even stronger).
A muscle tear, which is characterized by a slight destruction of the integrity of the cellular structure. The function of the limb is preserved, but there are pronounced signs of a local inflammatory process.
Ligament tears. Ligaments heal very poorly on their own, so damage to the ligamentous apparatus of the posterior thigh must be combined with powerful anti-inflammatory local treatment.

Tape is applied to the back of the thigh to support damaged muscles and speed up the healing process.

For thigh taping, it is best to use wide tapes.

Elastic kinesio tapes are applied to the muscle itself, and cheaper non-elastic ones can be used for fastening circles.

Step-by-step technique for taping the back of the thigh:

The tape is applied directly to bare skin, which has previously been degreased using alcohol solutions. It is advisable to remove hair from the skin.

It is prohibited to apply tape to the area where the skin is damaged.

The starting position of the patient is lying on his stomach. The affected leg is bent at the knee joint 60°. This pose provides complete relaxation. muscle fibers. If necessary, you can perform the procedure while standing, but then you need to lean forward and place your toes on the floor, slightly bending your knee.

Some authors recommend applying tape when muscle fibers are sprained or bruised in a stretched state.

That is, you need to position yourself so that your leg is lower than your body when lying down.

Visualize the anatomical location of the damaged structure. If you have a little experience in applying tape, you can use a marker to draw a line along which you will then need to apply the tape.

Tape for immobilization is applied from bottom to top, and to improve lymph flow and muscle tone from top to bottom.

The first 2-3 cm of tape are applied without tension.

The middle third of the tape is glued either without tension at all or with a tension of 10-50%. It should be noted that the higher the percentage of tension, the greater the immobilization effect.

The last 2-3 cm of tape are applied without tension.

If necessary, you can apply perpendicular strips of tape to strengthen and increase the area of influence of the tape bandage.

Sometimes one tape is enough, and sometimes more extensive use is necessary - 2 - 3 or more.

Taping the buttocks

The gluteal muscle is located directly under the lower back.

The gluteus maximus muscle originates from the ilium and attaches to the femur.

The direction of the tape should correspond to the location of the muscle fibers in the muscle, that is, it should be located from one place of muscle attachment along a rounded line to another.

Indications for taping the gluteal muscle:

Muscle strain.

Bruised muscle fibers.

If you bruise your buttock, you need to use a “snowflake” type bandage to relieve pain. The bruised area is located in the middle of the tape lena. Several tapes are glued on top of each other in the direction north-south, west-east, etc.

Of course, sometimes this placement of kinesio tape is not enough to provide a therapeutic effect, so additional fixation lines can be used.

Step-by-step instructions for applying tape to the gluteal muscle:

The patient stands with his back to the doctor and holds on to the back of the chair, slightly tilting his torso forward. This position provides a slight stretch of the buttock and allows you to correctly apply the tape to this area.

For taping gluteal region it is necessary to use a wide tape, since the muscle itself is wide and requires high-quality fixation.

We measure the tape to the required length and round its edges.

First, glue the anchor of the tape (the first 2-3 cm) without tension.

We paste the middle third of the adhesive tape with a tension of 25-30%.

The last 2-3 cm are glued without tension.

Taping of the gluteal muscle is most often used by athletes of strength sports. For example, when working with weights ( deadlift or squats) not only the back area is well worked out, but the gluteal muscle and the back of the thigh. From this it follows that damage exclusively to the gluteal muscle is very rare and it is necessary to correctly diagnose the source of pain or other discomfort.

Often, along with the gluteal muscle, the biceps femoris and lower back muscles are also taped. This tactic provides for a comprehensive effect on the painful area to provide better and faster treatment.

Sometimes taping of the lower extremity is used to prevent re-injury during potentially high physical activity. In this case, wide tapes are used, which are applied to the previously injured area. It is advisable to apply the tape without tension, so as not to disturb the harmony of muscle tone.

And finally, another video instruction for taping the back of the thigh:

Taping of the lower limb is a very popular method of not only primary, but also repeated injuries. Athletes suffer the most, as in any sport lower limb subject to increased stress and injury. The technique of taping the thigh is not particularly difficult, but some points still need to be clarified.

Taping of the anterior and inner thigh

The tape should be placed directly along the muscle fibers of the damaged muscle, so you need to know at least the basic anatomical structure of the taped area.

Anatomical structures of the anterior thigh on which tape can be applied:

The sartorius muscle runs along the entire front surface of the thigh from inside knee joint to the outer part of the thigh joint. It is relatively thin, so it is most susceptible to damage.
The quadriceps muscle is the strongest among this group. It consists of 4 heads, which are located on almost all sides of the femur. Most of them are located at the junction of the medial and anterior thigh.
The rectus femoris muscle is located slightly more medially sartorius muscle. It is more delicate and has a feathery structure.

Indications for taping the thigh muscles:

Muscle bruise caused by a blow or fall.
Stretching of muscle fibers without signs of muscle dysfunction.
A sprain or tear of the ligaments, which is characterized by the absence of pronounced signs of the inflammatory process (swelling, redness and severe pain when moving).

Signs of severe inflammation (severe swelling, redness, pain on palpation and movement, bluishness or pallor of the damaged surface, impaired motor function) may be a sign of ligament or muscle rupture, or limb bone fracture. In this regard, you should not immediately apply a tape bandage. There are several reasons for this: the ineffectiveness of tape in case of severe edema, the need for strict immobilization in case of some injuries to the musculo-ligamentous apparatus of the limb, which the tape is not able to provide.

Need for protection chronic injury from increased stress to prevent re-injury and increased clinical symptoms.

The tape is applied directly to bare skin, which has previously been degreased using alcohol solutions. It is advisable to remove hair from the skin.

It is prohibited to apply tape to the area where the skin is damaged.

The patient should be in a position that provides the effect of stretching the muscle. He can stand with his heel held near the buttock.

If necessary, if the pain radiates to the knee joint, it is necessary that the tape also holds the patella, since its own ligament is a direct continuation of the head of the quadriceps femoris muscle.

The length of the tape should correspond to the distance between the muscle attachment sites.
Prepare a tape of the required length. Round edges for longer life. Since the thigh muscles are massive, you need to choose a wide tape with good effect elasticity.
If you have little experience in applying tape, use a marker or pencil to draw a line on the patient's skin that will correspond to the location of the tape.

The direction of gluing the tape for the purpose of immobilization should be from bottom to top. If the tape is to prevent injury, the direction of its application should be from top to bottom.
Glue the anchor of the tape - the first 2-3 cm of the elastic tape without tension.
The middle third of the tape is glued with a tension of 25-30% (maximum 50%) to create an immobilization effect.
The last 2-3 cm of tape are applied without tension as a fixation.
If necessary, additional tapes can be applied.

If there is no pronounced pain, but muscle tone results old injury or for any other reason is reduced, you can apply kinesio tape such as “lymph tape”. It is an elastic band with several thin rays located in different directions from the “anchor”.

Applying lymph tape to the front surface of the thigh:

The beams of the lymph tape should be directed towards the nearest lymph nodes. That is, towards the hip joint.
We stick the anchor of the tape at a short distance from the damaged area in the opposite direction from the lymph nodes.
Then, with a short interval, we glue thin rays towards the hip joint.

This tape will reduce pain and discomfort at the site of injury. Also improve blood circulation, as it increases the tone of blood vessels with its mechanical effect.

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The inner thigh is more likely to be stretched.

This usually happens when trying to do the splits or swing your leg high.

The symptoms of a sprain are quite simple: pain when moving the leg and the inability to repeat the element that caused the pain.

The thin muscle is flat and long. It is located on the surface of the medial thigh. Starts from the pubic symphysis and is attached to the inner part tibialis muscle. When applying tape, it is necessary that its anchors are located at the muscle attachment points, then the effect will be visible immediately.

This muscle medially adducts the thigh, which is why some athletes call it the hip adductor muscle. This is not entirely correct, since both the pectineus muscle and the adductor longus perform a similar function. It is more correct to call the adductor muscle group, because they need to be taped together.

The adductor longus muscle is located at a slight angle in relation to the femur, so it can be damaged if the leg is pulled back sharply.

Rules for taping the adductor muscle group of the thigh:

When taping the adductor group of the hip, the leg should be moved to the side. To do this, you need to sit on a hard surface and spread your legs as wide as possible. To create a more comfortable pose, you can spread your feet in different directions.
The tape is applied from bottom to top (from the inside of the knee joint to the pubis).
The first and last 2-3 cm should be glued without tension, and the middle part should be stretched by 30-50%, which will provide force for immobilization.
It is better to choose a tape with a width of 2.5-3 cm, since a wide one will not perform the necessary function of local immobilization.
You can use several tapes and apply them at intervals of 1-2 cm, which will ensure uniform distribution of tone across the muscle, improve its blood circulation and innervation. These effects will speed up the healing of the damaged area.
To create a long-lasting bandage, you can stick non-stretchable patches perpendicularly on top of the elastic tapes, which perform the function of fastening.

The tape bandage will improve microcirculation and restore cellular structures.

Taping the groin area

Taping the groin area is a very complex process, since due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the human pelvis, it is almost impossible to completely cover the muscles of this group with tape. But it is possible to carry out slight immobilization to improve lymph flow and speed up the healing of injury.

Almost all the muscles related to the groin area begin from the inside of the knee joint, some - in the lower third of the thigh, so to tap the groin area you need to apply the tape from the knee itself.

Step-by-step instructions for taping the groin area:

The patient sits with his legs wide apart. It is advisable to rotate the foot of the affected leg laterally to provide good access to the injured part of the thigh.
We measure the required length of the tape and round its edges. You need to take wide tapes, since the muscles of this group are shaped more like ribbons. When stretching the groin, the tape must be applied with a stretch of 30-40%, so this must be taken into account when measuring the required length.
We glue the anchor of the tape - the first 2-3 cm without tension.
We stretch the middle third of the tape by 10-40% depending on the degree of damage; the greater the degree of damage, the greater the percentage.
The last 2-3 cm are glued without tension, like fastening centimeters.
If necessary, you can stick additional tapes, but they should all be along the anatomical location of the muscles. Otherwise, the effect of the tape will simply not be realized.

A hernia is a protrusion of the insides abdominal cavity through weak spots in the anterior abdominal wall. The danger of such a disease is very high, because at any moment the hernial contents (what comes out through the abdominal wall) can get pinched and cause a serious complication - peritonitis.

Treatment of hernia is exclusively surgical. In the absence of an acute condition, surgery can be done routinely, but this treatment is mandatory.

Taping for an inguinal hernia will be relevant only after surgery to prevent dehiscence of the postoperative suture.

In this case, many thin elastic ribbons are applied in a chaotic manner.

But it is better to do this after the skin has healed, so as not to provoke allergic reactions to the adhesive base of the tape.

Finally, watch the video instructions for taping the inguinal ligaments: