Zone defense. Methodology for teaching zone defense in basketball The best defense in basketball

Basketball is a game with clearly expressed offensive tactics. In basketball, it is easier to attack successfully than to defend. This game is characterized by a rapid transition from attack to defense, and vice versa.

Another characteristic feature is that both attack and defense involve all 5 players. Each player must perform well as an attacker and defender.

A kind of exception in attack is the center. He is usually the tallest player on the team and has excellent tactics and technique. He is always in the center of the attack near the basket, in the free throw area.

In all favorable situations, the center is given the ball to shoot at the basket or he passes the ball to another athlete who is in a better position. Individual and group tactics defense and attack is an important prerequisite for the collective tactics of the entire team.

Attack.

The main task is to get closer to the basket than the opponent, with or without the ball, or to take positions on the court from which the collective actions of the entire team can be easily supported. The use of feints is recommended. The ball must be passed quickly, strongly, accurately and confidently.

When catching the ball, the athlete runs towards it. Due to the fact that dribbling slows down the game, it should be used as little as possible and only in cases where it can be used to move closer to the basket or if it is integral part certain tactical combination. There are many types of throwing the ball into the basket, which is often accompanied by deceptive movements.

Protection.

Defenders must choose a position where they have the greatest chance of preventing the opponent from reaching the basket. Therefore, the defenders are constantly between the opponent and the basket, because even small miscalculations in the actions of the defenders give the opponent significant tactical advantages.

In addition, the defender must be at such a distance from the opponent that, firstly, he cannot bypass him and, secondly, so that the defender can prevent the opponent from making a long throw. The further the opposing forward is from the basket, the further away the defender is from him.

Due to the fact that according to the rules it is forbidden to take the ball away from the opponent during an attack, many attempts by defenders to intercept the ball during a pass lead to serious tactical errors. Only after a shot at the basket can you intercept the ball from the opponent, so athletes after an unsuccessful shot by the opponent must use the technique of fighting for the ball as much as possible.

Group tactics.

Group tactics consist of various combinations of attack and defense. It involves a certain coordinated action between 2-3 team players. For an attack, passing the ball, entering free space, crossing, screens is typical, and for defense, securing or switching.

Team tactics.

Collective attack tactics have two main forms: rushing attack and positional attack. Both forms of attack, especially the positional attack, can be played in a variety of ways.

Swift attack.

The rushing attack is used in most cases as a counter-attack after the team has gained possession of the ball. Before the opponent organizes his defense (1-3 people), the players of the attacking team quickly run forward to create an advantage in strength, and complete this combination after several passes (5-6) with the help of the rest of the players by successfully throwing the ball into the basket.

Positional attack.

If the opponent managed to build a defense correctly and the rapid attack was not successful, then a positional attack is used. In this case, the team tries to create a corridor in the opponent's defense with the help of serves, crossing with or without the ball, using screens in order to successfully complete the attack.

Screens limit the opponent's defense for a period of time if the offensive player is between the basket and the opponent's defender and he is unable to prevent the player from advancing to the basket. The preparatory phase of the attack is often repeated, because the opposing defenders prevent the team from using favorable moments for the throw.

Collective defense tactics.

There is a distinction between man-to-man defense and zone defense.

Personal protection.

Each player “guards” a specific player from the opposing team. This type of defense can be carried out across the entire court or only in the free throw area (complex guarding). In complex marking, the defender of the defending team leaves the free throw area to prevent the opponent from making a long throw.

Zone protection.

Zone protection has common features with comprehensive care. All team players collectively defend the free throw area in order to prevent short throws.

Each player is assigned a specific area on the court. The formation is as follows: one player each to the right and left of the free throw area at the level of the foul line. Due to the fact that passive zone defense has many negative aspects, both tactical and methodological, it is extremely rarely used in its pure form.

The 2-3 zone defense (Scheme 1) involves placing two players almost at the free throw line, one in the center and one on the wing.

This system ensures that players are positioned to successfully recover the ball from the backboard and to organize a quick break and counter-attack. When choosing this protection, you need to think about the following aspects:

1. the coach must have players at his disposal who are capable of establishing a reliable defense, they must be fast and trained in tough defensive actions;

2. the player must not miss the defense, player against player is the basis of the game in defense;

3. if the players of his team are weak in defense according to the player-versus-player system, then the coach will prefer the 2 - 3 system and refuse the first type of defense while he begins to improve what is necessary (scheme 2).

and breaks into the center, he is forced to jump out to intercept the jump shot. As a result of this, 3 opens and passes through the back. Another weak point of the 2-3 system is the center of the court.

option to play a combination.

Players have the opportunity to take a second jump shot.). And yet, with quick, effective, accurate implementation of the basic provisions of this zone defense, the attack can be reliably covered (Diagram 3).

The main disadvantage of this system is the possible jump shot from a distance of 3-5 meters. In Scheme 2, the shaded areas show the weaknesses inherent in the system. They can be closed with aggressive, hard actions. These areas will be weak in cases where they deviate from the chosen scheme. If the attacker achieves success through precisely those specified areas, then this is a sign of a shaky defense.

Zone defense in the 2-3 system, like other types of defense, has both strong and weak sides. But if it suits the team, if it is adequately prepared to implement it correctly.

The 2-3 zone defense, used by some coaches as a variation of the 2-1-2 zone defense, must be used with caution.

It helps the coach solve the problem of preparing teams, providing an advantage when picking up a bounced ball, making it difficult to pass under the ring despite the apparent simplicity of the settings.

Standard protection systems 2 -- 3

To create zone pressure and avoid inertia, there are specific rules for each zone setup. The main arrangements are shown in Diagram 1 in accordance with Figure 2). The defender is located in the main passages to the ring and at the intersection of the free throw line, the forwards are one step from the black circle, and the center is near the dotted half of the conditional jump shot line. If the ball approaches the offensive zone of the hoop, the following rules come into effect:

1. one of the defenders puts pressure on the player with the ball, forcing him to give the first pass over his head to his side in accordance with Figure 2, diagram 2). Leaving the defenders to cut off the free throw line and on his side ensures that the first pass is thrown to the defender's side. Thus, dictating which side the defense should act on;

2. The defender on the dribble side must apply pressure on the flank at the edge of the back line of the court in accordance with Figure 3, diagram 3). Wing attackers must keep a clear eye on opposing players if they are moving through the center players. At the same time, one should not lose sight of the point guards, who have clearly defined shots from the six-meter line.

Figure 2 (schemes 1,2)

Combinations of 2-3 zone defense systems with defenders

The pressing defender retreats back and is soon given the brunt of the task. The attacker can cover the back line.

basketball defense zone ball

Figure 3 (scheme 3)

Combinations of 2-3 zone defense systems with guarding by wingers

3. The center player must cover the attacker, act within the back line, giving the command to the defender Connect!, who moves back to cover the place of the back line player (Figure 4, Diagram 4).

This 2-3 option provides good coverage for inside approaches and moderate pressure on ball carriers.

If a team is losing, and if the opposing team is adjusted to the standard 2-3 system and successfully overcomes it, there may be a change in zone pressure that reliably shuts down all approaches and interceptions.

The basic formations in this case are identical to the standard ones, as is the initial movement of the defender. When thrown over it to the edge, the approaches to the ring are blocked in accordance with Figure 4, Scheme 5). The power defender must return quickly and apply passive pressure to the winger. The free defender moves to the center's place to cut off the passage.

The defender on the dribble side blocks the back line, and the center returns to the basket. When the defender moves quickly and calculatedly, the same pressure should be applied to the winger. The main thing in blocking these passes under the shield is the technical skill of the power defender and special vigilance on the main approaches to the basket.

The wingers back up their point guards (defenders), try to put a screen on either side to open up for a long-range shot, or again give the ball to the defender for a quick pass under the hoop.

One of the defenders will guard his ring in case one of the opponents breaks away, and at the same time he will be able to continue the attack, or play a new combination in accordance with Figure 4, scheme 4,5,6.

Figure 4 (schemes 4,5,6)

Combinations of 2-3 zone defense systems through a center player and a power defender

Combination 2-3.

The important concept is defending, player against player in a given zone, putting enough pressure on that player and maintaining balance in the zone.

Diagram 6 outlines zones and four points, key points and the intersection of approaches and the free throw line.

Zone 1. Never leave the assigned zone, i.e. do not change places with partners. Play with the player closest to the hoop.

Choose a good position to pick up the bounced ball.

Zone 2 and 3 - play near the approach:

Play in the corners (control the baseline);

Play on the sideline.

If your zone is clear, move to the key position. Keep an eye on zones 1, 2, 3, constantly trying to put up a barrier.

Zone 4 and 5 -- play near the approaches:

Try to intercept the ball, move to a “key” position;

Play on the sideline.

General rules for the zone.

1. Interrupt an opponent's dribble when playing against a player without the ball:

A). try to intercept the ball;

b). keep an eye on other enemy attackers;

2. When there are two people in the zone, keeping a player out of the zone, and the player in the “key” position is covering the player closest to him:

a) move to a key position;

b) control zone 1;

c) look for the ball;

d) stop the attacking enemy.

This version of zone defense is not universal against all types of offense. Problems arise with this:

a) dribbling through the zone;

b) congestion of areas in the corners of the site;

c) the formation of a large center in zone 1 to close the fast passage.

It can cause confusion in the opponent's attacking order, with sufficient preparation and an average level of talent of the players, this is the best system.

Defending against a player without the ball

When holding a player without the ball, you need to move towards the ball and take a step back in order to be able to help your partner hold the player with the ball and immediately return to your player as soon as he has the ball. The body position must be such that the defender, without turning his head, can see both his player and the player with the ball at the same time. If you lose sight of the ball, the opponent can pass it directly over the defender's head. And losing sight of your player means allowing the enemy to create a numerical superiority under the basket. After the throw, the last duty of the defender is to block his man and catch the ball that bounced off the backboard during an unsuccessful throw.

Defense against the ball carrier

While holding the player with the ball, the defender must stand between the guarded basket and the player at arm's length from him. You need to look at the client’s belt. This allows you to better concentrate and avoid losing the correct position when the attacker performs distracting movements - feints. The arms should be raised at waist level, palms facing up, if the offensive player is simply holding or dribbling the ball. If he is preparing to make a pass or throw, the defender should raise his hands up. This makes it difficult for the attacker to act. The player playing defense needs to be very careful not to react to the attacker’s false movement. The defender should jump up only when he is sure that the opponent is shooting at the basket, otherwise the attacker will easily get away from him.

Guidelines:

• -- it is necessary to pay attention to the way the player is held, both without the ball and with the ball. At the same time, the attacker also masters the skills of getting into free space to receive the ball.
• -- the same, only the attacker makes sudden changes of direction, jerks to freely receive the ball from a partner
• - in pairs: one player is an attacker, the other is a defender. The attacker moves from the front line to the front line in a three-meter corridor, performing jerks, turns, sudden stops, and feints. The defender's task is to move backwards and remain between the attacker and his basket at all times. Then the partners change roles and move in the opposite direction on the other side of the site
• -- the same, but the attacker dribbles the ball, and the defender, holding his hands behind his back or on his belt, must constantly take the correct position
• -- the same, but the defender acts actively, i.e. can kick the ball
• -- 1x1 game

Possible mistakes in personal protection:

• -- the defender keeps the attacker at a considerable distance, thereby allowing him to perform free maneuvers around the court
• -- after losing the ball, the player finds his player late
• -- there is no active resistance to the player with the ball

Exercises for training:

Game 1x1, 2x2, 3x3, 4x4, 5x5 on one ring. The defender is positioned between the attacker and his ring on the ball side. A hand blocks the path of transmission. After the interception they become attackers

Team defense tactics

It is based on two main game systems - personal and zone. In man-to-man defense, each defender is assigned to a specific offensive player. If the attackers successfully use screens, it is important that the defenders are ready to exchange players and do not leave the enemy uncovered.

Other principles underlie zone defense, in which each defensive player is responsible for a player in a certain area of ​​the court on the approaches to his basket and counters all the actions of the attacker there. In addition, if necessary, he must help a partner in the adjacent zone.

Exercises to teach zone defense:

• -- formation in the 2-1-2 zone. Defensive players move to pass the ball. To make this skill stick, players can be connected with a rubber band, and if a player moves, everyone else must move to cover the vacated area
• - game - fives attack. The two teams on opposite boards defend in a 2-1-2 zone. The third team attacks one of the defenders. The team that succeeds attacks the opposing shield
• -- zone basketball. Two teams play - attackers and defenders. Basketball court is divided into 8 zones. Each zone has one player per team. You cannot run out of the zone, and you can only pass the ball to a player from your team who is in the adjacent zone
• -- play in the zone follows the rules of basketball
• -- option: each zone has 2 players per team. The main attention is paid to the interaction of partners. You can introduce a rule: the ball is sent to the next zone only after a pass between players in the same zone

Advice from a master to a defender:

• -- always maintain balance and a defensive stance
• - never cross your legs or do deep lunges
• -- when playing against an attacker with the ball, keep your eyes on your belt
• -- when playing against an attacker without the ball, keep both the ball and player in sight
• -- don't play defense with your hands down
• - don’t take your feet off the floor until you are sure that your opponent has jumped up to throw...
• - be constantly ready to help your partner
• -- never rest on defense
• - if you lose your ward, immediately retreat back to the basket, find him and go out to meet him again
• -- switch to the ball carrier if he remains uncovered and threatens the basket
• - constantly tell your partners where you can help
• -- quickly switch to defensive actions after a loss and after a goal is scored
• - always act offensively in defense, do not be afraid of a contact attack on the attacker in possession of the ball. Strive to knock the ball out, not to allow a pass, not to mention a shot. If the attacker lifts the ball up, you must react immediately. If the attacker brings the ball down, immediately take two quick steps back, preparing to prevent the opponent from passing without losing your defensive stance.
• - when playing actively, do not let the attacker pass with the ball through the center, into the middle, but constantly push him to the side line. When an attacker passes along the end line, teammates must immediately come to the rescue
• - when screening, you must try to pass behind your man under guard. With a quick movement of your foot close to the screener, try to get ahead of setting the screen and stay with your player

Pressure defense

Pressing is the most active view defense, constant pressure on the opponent. Can be personal or zone. It can start from the moment the opponent throws the ball: across the entire court, 3/4 of it, in their own half...

The purpose of defense by pressing is not only psychological pressure on the opponent, but also the desire to break the opponent’s established game, disrupt his usual connections between defense and attack, his combinations, make inaccurate ball passes, hasty throws. You cannot apply pressure without mastering sufficient individual defense techniques. This form of defense requires high physical condition, good reserves and teamwork of all players and team units.

Pressing is used both as a system of play for long periods of time, and as a forced measure when losing in the score to increase the tempo or when expecting pressure from the opponent. When playing with pressure, players strive to take the ball away from the opponent, forcing him to make lobbed, inaccurate passes that are easily intercepted. Often the opponents of the front line of pressure, having let their opponents pass, do not pursue them, but watch the development of further events - this is a gross mistake. It is necessary to chase the player with the ball, trying to knock the ball away from him from behind, stepping on his heels. Thus, you force your opponent to rush, worry, and make mistakes.

If in zone or personal pressure you are left without a player and do not provide assistance to a friend, you are making a miscalculation. If out of five pressing players one is not active, the work of the entire team goes down the drain. Pressing is, first of all, an active defense of the entire team.

IN modern basketball many coaches are inclined to believe that personal pressure is less effective, difficult, and leads to a large number of personal violations and is inferior in usefulness to zone pressing systems. And there is some truth to this, because every player with good dribbling ability is able to cope with personal pressure without visible difficulties.

Despite the fact that zone pressing has become more popular, it is impossible to do without the ability to play personal pressing.

Exercises for training:

It is necessary to constantly train the defense 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4 across the entire court, with and without the ball, with and without dribbling, with and without screens, first at a walk, then at high speed.

Exercises in which the number of defenders prevails over the number of attackers are useful. These exercises promote interaction between defenders and instill ball tackling skills. They are also good for attacking players. When training personal pressing, due attention should be paid to the rapid movements of players in an active stance, in different directions, with skillful changes of player positions.

The defenders of the first line of defense try to push their attackers to the sidelines and prevent the attacker from passing them with or without the ball. basketball training game attack

If one of the defenders managed to stop the attacker with the ball at the sideline at the intersection with the penalty or the center line, the defensive partner must come to the aid of his friend: together they force him to make a lob pass, which the other three players are ready to intercept.

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Introduction

1. Evolution of terms and official rules games

2. Basketball technique

2.1 Attack technique

2.2 Protection technique

3. Teaching basketball techniques

List of used literature

INTRODUCTION

The training of specialists in physical culture and sports is carried out by higher and secondary specialized institutions, special faculties, departments of universities, pedagogical institutes and lyceums.

Physical culture covers various areas of activity, therefore the profession of a physical education worker is divided into corresponding narrow areas - specializations. This is, firstly, a group of pedagogical specialties: teacher physical culture in a secondary educational institution /school, lyceum/, teacher physical education at the university, teacher of theoretical or sports-pedagogical discipline at the institute / lyceum / of physical education. Representatives of all these specialties have a lot in common, because they deal with organized forms of physical education, training sessions, with a specific educational process within the educational institution.

Another common specialty is a sports coach. Coaching staff works with a contingent that varies in age and preparedness.

The next specialty is an instructor of physical education and sports in production teams. Its main task is to organize physical education and sports events.

Physical education is characterized by complexity in the use of means, and means should include, in addition to physical exercise hygiene factors. Any remedy used has an effect on the body as a whole, however, each has a specific, inherent only accentuated effect on one or another system, on one or another organ. Each group combines a certain number of typical products. By using one product, but with different intensities, you can get several options. Finally, each means is not used in isolation, but in combination with other means of various groups (for example, running with jumping with various combinations and levels of action of the athlete’s natural forces and capabilities). There can be an unlimited number of such complexes of funds.

1. EVOLUTION OF TERMS AND OFFICIAL RULES OF THE GAME

1.1 Basic terms of the game of basketball

Concepts and terminology reveal the subject of study and teaching of any discipline, and concentrate the knowledge accumulated by science.

A concept is considered complete if it has a definition, that is, a brief formulation of the criteria of difference and methods of its construction.

Below is a definition of the basic concepts and terms that occur in the specialized literature necessary for studying the subject. It is necessary to take into account that in the practice of training basketball players and in the methodological literature, unity of interpretation of basic concepts and terms has not yet been achieved.

Gaming activity is a mental and physical activity, the direction of a specific confrontation while observing the established rules.

Competitive activity - gaming activity in the conditions of official competitions.

Reception of the game - determined by the rules motor action, player-specific. Techniques in attack and defense are distinguished.

Hook throw - throwing a ball over your head with a circular motion of your hand.

Fast break, fast attack - rapid advance of attackers towards the opponent's basket in order to create a numerical advantage and score the ball.

Varied attack / defense / - the use of different attack / defense systems by a team is carried out according to predetermined signals.

Dribbling is the movement of the player with the ball around the court. The player can move in any direction or stand still and continue to hit the ball on the floor. Maintenance must be continuous. If a player stops dribbling and catches the ball, he cannot resume dribbling, but must either shoot for the basket or pass the ball to a teammate, double dribble - resuming dribbling after the player has stopped and picked up the ball. This is an error.

Dribbler - a player dribbling the ball.

Live ball - I - a situation in which the referee is ready to play a jump ball, II - the referee is ready to pass the ball to the player taking the free throw, III - the ball is in the hands of the player who will throw it in from outside the court.

A screen is an action allowed by the rules in which a player, avoiding a collision, prevents the opponent from entering the desired position; a double screen is a screen set by two players for one partner.

Defender - 1st player of the defending team. 2nd - a short point guard player in the back line of attack.

Zone Defense - A defense in which players guard the free throw area under their basket. Each is attached to a specific zone and counteracts the enemy player in it.

Game techniques are basic skills, the possession of which allows you to actively participate in the game, these are passing, catching, dribbling, throwing the ball, passing, fighting for the ball under the shield, guarding the enemy.

The end lines are the lines behind the backboards that limit the length of the court. After the basket is scored, the defending team puts the ball into play from behind the end line.

Personal defense is a defense in which each player of the defending team guards a specific enemy player.

Trap - a maneuver in which two players with the ball force a hasty pass that can be intercepted by a third defender.

A dead ball is a ball that is out of play. The ball is considered "dead" immediately after it is scored in the basket and before it is put into play by the opponent for a held ball; after assigning a personal remark, after any signal from the referee in the field; after the siren signaling the end of a game, half a game or extra time.

The striker is the 1st player of the team in possession of the ball, the 2nd is a tall player who plays in attack on the edge of the area.

“Continuous” is a combination in which players from a formation with an overload on one side of the court, i.e., in the starting position, rearrange to continue the attack in the opposite direction.

The free throw area is a trapezoid with a semicircle at the top, the base of which is a six-meter segment under the basket, and the top is a free throw line 3.6 meters long. The height of the trapezoid is 5.8 m. A circle is drawn in its upper part, the diameter of which is the free throw line.

The center leg is the leg that the player in possession of the ball does not have the right to lift off the floor so as not to make a run. The player can step or pivot around the pivot leg.

Overload is an arrangement of players in an attack in which four attackers are shifted to one side of the court.

The frontcourt is the half of the court where the enemy's basket is located.

Switching is a defensive maneuver in which two defenders exchange their players. This situation occurs during a screen, when one of the defenders, having encountered the screen, cannot follow his player; preemptive switching is a maneuver in which defenders switch with their players in order to prevent the setting of a screen.

Adaptive defense is a defense that automatically adjusts to changes in enemy attack systems. Combines the strengths of man-to-man and zone defense.

Positional offense - an attack, as opposed to a fast break, carried out from a specific formation of players in the front zone against an organized enemy defense.

Pressing is an active defense characterized by countering all attackers across the entire court. Often used by a team losing in the last minutes of the game.

Jogging - running with a ball. When starting to dribble, the player does not have the right to lift his center foot off the floor until he releases the ball from his hands. After receiving the ball in motion, a basketball player cannot take more than two or three steps with the ball in his hands. Violation of the rules in both cases is defined as a run, and the ball is passed to the opponent.

Cross exit is a group interaction of attackers, in which two players pass from different sides past the partner with the ball.

Secretive transmission - transmission the ball, the direction of which the player hides until the very last moment.

Mixed defense is a defense that combines the principles of personal and zone guarding of players. Four players can play in a zone and one in person.

The center player is one of the team players who plays offensively near the opponent’s basket. This is usually the tallest player on the team.

Free throw - awarded for a mistake /foul/ made by a player of the other team. After the determination that prevented the basket from being taken, the player against whom it was made stands at the free throw line and takes it. No one should interfere with a player when making free throws.

1.2 Evolution of the main paragraphs of the official rules of the game

From the original thirteen rules of the game established by Naismith, the modern fifteen rules emerged, consisting of several hundred points. The main changes concerned such aspects of the game as the number of players in the team, throwing the ball from the sideline, penalties, taking the basket, dribbling the ball, playing the initial shot, the ten second rule, and the rules for regulating the play of tall basketball players.

Number of players on the team. At the beginning of the game's spread, as mentioned above, the number of players in teams was not limited. Soon, however, they realized that it was more pleasant and easier to play with fewer basketball players on each team. Since 1893, only five players could play on a small court; on large, standardized courts, the team composition was also set to 5 people, which has remained unchanged to this day.

Throwing the ball in from the sideline. According to the first rules, when the ball went out of bounds, the player who first touched it was entitled to put the ball into play without interference. This caused increased competition for the ball, especially when the ball left the court above the basket, leading to rough and unnecessary fights. Therefore, in 1913 this rule was changed. And now, when the ball goes out of bounds, the opposing team puts it into play.

Free throws and baskets. The rules regarding free throws and scoring evolved as follows. The first rule change increased the "value" of a field goal from one to three points, and each foul was worth one point.

A free throw was then awarded and the affected team attempted to shoot the ball from 6 meters from the basket. If the shot was successful, it was scored the same as a field goal. A player who committed two personal violations was removed for the entire duration of the game.

Subsequent rule changes moved the free throw from the 6m mark to the 4.6m mark and limited its "value" to one point. Field goals were now worth two points. The number of possible personal fouls has changed from two to five, then to four and again to five, and the latest changes to 6 in a 4x12 min game.

Introducing the ball. In the beginning, dribbling was used for defensive purposes and the player was only allowed to dribble with one hand. Then it was allowed to dribble the ball alternately with both hands. In 1901, the dribbler was forbidden to shoot at the basket, but in 1908. this rule was removed and the dribbler was allowed to shoot the ball into the basket.

Initial throw. Until 1936, when the ball went into the basket, the referee took it and headed to the center of the court for the opening shot. The game restarted when the referee tossed the ball into the air. A team with a tall player usually took possession of the ball on the initial throw, and sporting “happiness” largely depended on the tall player’s ability to control the ball on the initial throw. Considering this circumstance, the drafters of the rules granted the right to put the ball into play to the team into whose basket it was thrown. This gave the team that missed the goal an opportunity to try to take some kind of revenge. The new kick-in rule also made the game much faster.

Ten second rule. In 1901 players and coaches discovered the benefit of a five-man defense concentrated under their basket. It was very difficult to play against such a defense, and when the team was ahead in the score, it often began to play for time, playing the ball in its own half of the court and not making any attempts to increase the score. Taking a basket was becoming quite rare, the score of the matches was small and the interest of the spectators in the game gradually faded away, as some matches turned into a farce, where one team tried to beat the other without trying to score the ball in its basket. The players took possession of the ball and did not advance it towards the opponent's basket. They literally "sat on the floor, signed autographs, read newspapers" and didn't try to play basketball.

To stop such actions, in 1936. The ten second rule was introduced. It obligated the team not to pass the ball into the frontcourt for ten seconds after throwing it in from behind the end line. National Association professional basketball went even further and forced the team to shoot for the basket within twenty-four seconds of gaining possession of the ball. This excluded the “freezing” of the ball, and a team that had lost by several points had a real chance of success in the last minutes of the game.

The influence of tall players on the rules of the game. The problem of tall players has always existed in basketball because these players are closer to the basket when finishing and scoring the ball. A tall player could simply stand in front of the basket, receive the pass, turn and shoot the ball into the basket. An attempt to prevent tall players from being placed in front of the basket was the three-second rule, which states that players must not remain more than three seconds in the free-throw zone between the endline and the free-throw line. This change in the rules occurred in 1936. In 1956, another change was introduced to position tall players further from the basket. Previously, tall players whose height could touch the rim of the backboard or the ball over the basket were able to block balls as they descended and touch the ball as it bounced off the basket during a free throw. The commission that sets the rules, changing these points is now prohibited:

a) touch the ball or the basket while the ball is on or inside the basket;

b) touch the ball at the moment when the ball comes into contact with the backboard or hoop of the basket;

c) touch the ball when it is on the descent after throwing into the basket and above the basket.

2. PLAYING TECHNIQUE

2.1 Attack technique

In basketball, technique is a large complex of techniques and methods, purposeful sports actions, rational and effective from the point of view of modern theory and gaming practice.

Technical training is the most important aspect of basketball players' training. The task of further improving the sportsmanship of players requires the direct search for new methodological ways of teaching and improving technique.

The main indicator technical skill is the correspondence of skills and abilities to tasks and real conditions wrestling, as well as their correspondence to the individual abilities of a basketball player who performs techniques freely, naturally, most economically, using his motor and other abilities, while showing, on the one hand, instant muscle mobilization, and on the other, a kind of relaxation.

Delving deeper into tools and methods technical training basketball players, found or already used by coaches to solve complex and sometimes major problems, we can currently identify five main ways to improve their playing technique:

1. Specialized development of individual physical abilities of players. basketball technique rule game

2. Development of broad coordination capabilities in players due to the variety of conditions, means and methods of training.

3. Mastery of some new modern techniques or correction of already formed skills in technique using holistic, dismembered methods and the method of introductory exercises.

4. Purposeful selection of means and methods of tactical training that facilitate the correct use of new techniques in conditions similar to games.

5. Using a set of methods for improving basketball players’ technique, built on systematically complicating the conditions for performing techniques, both from pedagogical and psychophysiological points of view, while maintaining the integrity of the main link of techniques.

Introducing additional guidelines to the exercises

This method is quite widely used in the process of improving throws, passes, and dribbles. For example, the use of horizontal reactions at different heights helps the player clarify the trajectory of the ball when throwing, the location of the racks in places on the court where a change in direction, dribbling or execution is necessary open transfer; promotes the right choice the direction of the dribble and approach to the opponent's shield, as well as the timeliness of passes to the center player. The coach of the French national team successfully used dummies cut out of plywood, similar in shape to tall /2.05 - 2.10 cm/ opponents with raised arms, to improve players in jump shots with a high point of aim and release of the ball.

Use of spatial and temporal restrictions

In the training practice of most qualified teams, exercises are used such as dribbling or dribbling in a narrow corridor specially outlined on the court, fighting for a 3x2 or 4x2 ball in a circle with a radius of 3.5-4 m, provided that the players holding the ball have no right to go outside the circle.

It is advisable to combine restrictions on the space of the court for performing exercises with a time limit for performing a series of specific techniques according to the principles of “no more” / a certain number of seconds per series of techniques / or “no less” / keep the ball in the air, not lose it during passes, etc. at least for so many seconds/.

It is advisable to limit yourself to two degrees of intensity of the partner’s resistance - passive and active. Moreover, passive resistance should not cause significant changes in the main part of the technique when performing the exercise. Active resistance is introduced into the exercise when errors in the technique have been corrected and the new skill has been sufficiently firmly formed. The intensity of active resistance should not be brought to the intensity of game opposition, since a conditional opponent, knowing in advance the content of the exercises, can always prevent the player from successfully performing a technique.

These methods can be used not only to improve players in offensive techniques, but also in defensive techniques.

Consistently increasing the speed of performing a technique

The struggle for speed in basketball is closely related to the need to significantly increase the speed of performing various ball passes, dribbling and dribbling, and improving the ability to catch fast-flying balls. An increase in the execution of techniques is caused by a reduction in the amplitude of applications and an increase in the strength indicators of the muscles involved in the motor act. Experience has shown that all this requires some clarification or partial restructuring of the formed motor skills.

Complicating the player’s initial positions when performing a technical technique, as well as complicating his actions immediately preceding the performance of the technique Sample exercises to implement the method:

1. A sitting player catches a ball aimed towards him, or while rushing towards the backboard catches a ball strongly aimed at his back.

2. Start dribbling the ball while sitting on the court, then, without stopping dribbling, make a quick pass to the backboard, stop, continue dribbling the ball, kneeling down, and finally make a pass to the middle distance.

3. Run-up, high jump with push-off from a spring bridge; while in the air, the player catches the ball directed by a partner and passes it back; after landing, a forward somersault follows; re-receiving the ball and the final shot into the basket.

4. The player leaves the opponent’s backboard to receive the ball with his back to the backboard, turns the jump throw with the body tilted back, immediately after landing, immediately jerks to participate in the fight for the rebound.

Introduction to mock opponent resistance exercises

In order to bring the conditions of technical training of basketball players closer to specific conditions competitions, it is recommended to periodically introduce resistance from a fictitious opponent - a team partner - into the exercises.

The convention is that resistance is of a very specific nature, limited and directed by the trainer.

Carrying out technical procedures for maximum speed movements

This method is closely related to the previous one and is, as it were, its logical continuation and completion from the point of view of further complicating the training conditions.

Combination maximum conditions developed by the player in short and extended bursts with quick and accurate execution of passes, dribbles, catches, turns, feints, and stops on the move, contributes to the team’s mastery of an echeloned fast break.

Thus, the systematic use of this method at maximum speed by the national basketball team made it possible to increase the effectiveness of fast breaks in control games and international meetings to 75-80%.

Changing the tempo and rhythm of individual movements in the overall structure of the technique The use of weighted and lightweight balls

The use of weighted and lightweight balls in passing, dribbling during turns, throwing into the basket, feints, in addition positive influence on muscle feeling, contributes to the development of speed-strength qualities of individual small muscle groups in players.

As for the methodology for improving basketball players' ability to shoot baskets using balls of different weights, the last word in its development has not yet been said.

Performing techniques without constant visual control or with limited visual control

The gaming environment requires a skilled basketball player to have stability and adaptive variability in motor skills due to the gradual transition of controlling the ball with peripheral vision, and sometimes only with the muscular-articular sense.

To solve this problem, it is recommended to introduce special signals located in such a way that the player cannot hold the signals and the ball in central vision at the same time; he must change the nature of the technical technique in the exercise. For example, several players dribble balls while simultaneously watching for signals from a coach who moves around the court in different directions. Depending on one or another signal from the coach, players must immediately change the direction of dribbling, speed, and height of the rebound.

To limit the player's field of vision when dribbling the ball, special glasses should be used that cover bottom part fields of view.

In the learning process, at the first stage of improving technique, a joint exercise of functional asymmetry is usually used: in one lesson, the same technique of the player is performed with both the right and left hand/foot/. At the next stages of improvement, preference should be given to separately eliminating functional asymmetry in one lesson for the right and left arms/legs/, and giving various techniques. In these classes game exercises and bilateral games are played exclusively according to modified rules, on the one hand, prohibiting or limiting the performance of techniques with the strongest arm or leg, and on the other, stimulating the bold, effective use of the weakest arm/leg/ in throws, passes, dribbling, turns, by awarding additional points for achieving a certain result. In training foreign teams, there is such an extreme method as tying right hand behind the player's back so that he can perform exercises in games exclusively with his left hand.

Carrying out “free” work with the ball

This method is aimed not so much at stabilizing and improving certain skills in the player’s technical equipment, but at further developing his special coordination abilities in handling the ball, ingenuity in training process. The player is given every opportunity to individual work with the ball without strictly regulated tasks. During such free work, the player juggles the ball, performs various tricky throws, hidden passes, and tries a variety of combinations of techniques and feints.

Performing techniques in a state of fatigue

Here it is very important for the coach to prevent cases of players being careless in performing techniques, demanding thoroughness in every motor act. The player should not complete the exercise until he has achieved the desired performance.

This method was systematically used in the process of preparing the CIS national basketball team for matches with US teams. With the total number of practice shots at the basket almost halved (compared to 1960), 65% of all shots from the point and almost 100% of all free throws were made by players under conditions of significant fatigue, which was achieved, in turn, through the use of intense loads interval training method. As a result of targeted preparation, the CIS national team showed a high percentage of hits in field goals and free throws in international matches (over 45% and 70%, respectively).

Performing techniques in a state of great emotional arousal

Currently, game exercises 1x1, 2x2 and 3x3 in one basket are widely used in practice with the task of practicing certain technical techniques and their combinations with feints. For the successful, effective implementation of a technique or combination of techniques intended for improvement, the group or player is awarded additional points. The coach needs to ensure that the player or group of players acting on defense always provides active combat “reaction” to the attackers, but without gross personal mistakes, especially in the final stage of the player performing a new technique, otherwise the training will not achieve the main goal.

Experience has shown that the process of improving technique using this method will be noticeably easier if an additional passive partner is introduced into 1x1, 2x2 game exercises, who always plays for the group of attackers, but without the right to actively participate in interactions and without the right to shoot at the basket.

In conclusion, we note that most of the recommended methods for improving techniques are rationally used primarily in individual or group training sessions, when it is easier for a coach to give a clear, specific task to each player, systematically check the player’s work results using certain methods of pedagogical and medical-physiological control, require the player to self-assess his actions and achievements and give a conclusion and forecasts for the future.

Each of the improvement methods described above, with all its independent significance for the process of training athletes, does not completely decide the success of the matter. Only a creative combination of these methods in the training system, the most rational for each team, will lead to high performance in game actions.

2.2 Protection technique

Features of protection technology. Modern requirements for defensive players:

Modern defensive techniques are aimed at counteracting the attacking team in order to take possession of the ball long before it is thrown into the basket. The defender constantly strives to be close to the attacker, preventing passes, catching the ball and other actions.

To achieve positive results in the game, opponents constantly improve their technique and during the match, each of them manages to disrupt the opponent’s attack. Being able to interrupt an opponent’s attack before throwing the ball into the basket puts defensive play technique among the most significant sections of the training process. The effectiveness of a team's defensive plans is determined by the individual abilities of each player. These include speed, quickness and mental agility, aggressiveness, foresight and adaptability.

High running speed allows the defender to move from one position to another faster than other players. This allows him to correct mistakes in defense and take a new defensive position, eliminating dangerous situations.

Foresight is the ability to predict the actions of attackers, which allows you to decide whether to intercept a pass, whether to exchange with players, etc. The ability to act in accordance with a changed situation characterizes adaptability. These abilities are based not so much on instinct, but on a careful study of the individual and team characteristics of the opponent’s game from the very beginning of the meeting.

The efforts of a team trying with all its might to win will be in vain if its players make serious mistakes in defensive actions. The technical arsenal of an attacker is much richer than that of a defender. Defense techniques are more universal and quite effective when performed correctly and carefully.

The nature and features of the defender’s methods of movement around the court are determined by the specific situation and the player’s goal setting for active, independent defensive actions and interactions with a partner.

The defender must be in a stable position slightly legs bent and be always ready to make it difficult for the attacker to get into a convenient position to attack the basket and win the ball. While keeping a close eye on his man, the defending player must keep the ball and other opposing players in sight.

The direction and nature of the defender's movement, as a rule, depend on the actions of the attacker. Therefore, the defender must always maintain a position of balance and be ready to move in any direction, all the time changing the direction of running to the sides, forward, etc., control the speed of his movement at the moment of countering the attack of opponents, increasing speed over a short period of distance, providing a reduced braking path and an abrupt stop. Situations on the site can change very quickly. Any movement of the player to a new position and any passing of the ball automatically creates a new situation for the defender, to which he must react adequately. Defense in this sense, even more than attack, requires universal training.

The terminology of defensive situations should be clarified - not holding the back line player, winger or center, but holding the ward in the position of the back line player, and the positions of the winger and in the center position. General principle The school of defensive actions involves providing attackers with relative freedom to advance the ball across the court and making it as difficult as possible for the ball to advance along the court.

Protective stance. The main requirements for a defender guarding an opponent with the ball are the following: do not allow the opponent to attack the basket with a throw or pass, do not allow him to give a targeted assist to a partner, force him to change the direction of movement or even stop, taking the ball in both hands, and, if possible, force him to turn back to the basket. In order to fulfill these requirements, the defender must, first of all, maintain balance at all times, move quickly, be prepared for a sudden change in direction of movement, be aggressive, that is, put pressure on the ball and the opponent, trying to impose his will on him. All this can only be accomplished by maintaining the correct defensive stance. It is necessary to note two main mistakes made by young basketball players. First: you can’t spread your elbows very wide, because this constrains and slows down the movement of the defender’s arms. Second: very often defenders try to knock the ball away from the dribbler. This is undesirable because lunging forward leads to disruption of balance and the entire defensive stance and can allow the player to beat the defender in oncoming movement. In addition, such a movement often leads to violations of the rules and unnecessary fouls. Knocking the ball while dribbling is a very complex technical technique; it must be performed without contact with the opponent’s body, with just a short lunge of the hand closest to him, which, in case of failure, will instantly return to its original position. This technique can be compared to a feint in fencing or boxing.

Footwork. Great attention must be paid to this element when learning to play defense. The speed of movement and the ability to quickly jump out or turn around depend on the correct footwork of the defender. Correct footwork allows a defender to maintain and maintain the necessary distance between himself and his player. This distance is usually determined by the length of the defender's outstretched arm. This allows you to react in time to your opponent’s actions and take the necessary maneuver. In addition, the defender can put pressure on the ball and on the opponent, since the distance is not very large. The defender can take possession of the ball if the attacker suddenly loses control of it.

Proper footwork, skillfully chosen distance, a good defensive stance, aggressiveness - all these qualities will help the defender complete the main task - to stop the opponent advancing with the ball to the hoop. After the opponent has stopped and taken the ball in his hands, the defender must break the distance, get closer to him and constantly threaten to knock the ball out. In connection with the new changes in the rules, which now allow accidental / unintentional / contact with the hands of the attacker, knocking the ball out when trying to “play the ball”, the technique of knocking the ball out of the opponent’s hands is of particular importance.

When guarding a player who does not have the ball, two possible cases should be distinguished: a/ the defender tries to prevent his player from receiving the pass; b/ the defender maintains a position from which he can come to the aid of his partner, i.e., provide backup, and at the same time does not lose control over his ward.

In an effort to prevent his opponent from receiving the pass, the defender must first take the correct position, thanks to which he can maintain the necessary distance and constantly see the ball. The distance between the defender and the attacker decreases, the closer the attacker is to the ball. Defensive stance in which the defender is: feet shoulder-width apart, knees bent, back straight or body slightly tilted forward, hands spread and turned with palms up and inward. The stance is similar to the one described above, only the legs are even more bent at the knees so that the defender's head is at the level of the attacker's shoulder, and the hand closest to the ball is extended forward in order to interfere with the intended pass. The other hand seems to “exercise control” over the enemy. However, the foot is placed directly in front of the attacker, the other is between him and the ball, so that if he starts moving towards the ball, he will certainly bump into this foot.

Thus, the defender is positioned in front of the attacker /on his way to the ring/ and between him and the ball. In this position, he will always be able to interfere with the pass if his player starts moving towards the ball. And the attacker has no choice but to start moving in the opposite direction, i.e. from the ball. This means that we can assume that the defender has completed his task at a certain point.

Ways to master technology and improve it

The main condition for successful personal defense of the entire team is the constant attention of each defender to his position, to his triangle, because a correctly chosen position by the defender helps him cope well with the main tasks. It should be noted that aggressive personal defense involves constant work during the training process, aimed at acquiring new and strengthening existing protective skills. Without such work, without constant analysis of the individual defensive actions of each player, the coach cannot demand targeted, active defense from the entire team. When working with children's and youth teams, it is imperative to take into account the fact that individual defense is the hardest work in basketball, requiring not only excellent physical readiness from all players, but also constant mental tension. Therefore, it is necessary to mentally stimulate your players: celebrate successful defensive actions, aim to completely eliminate the strongest opponent from the game, highlight the best players in the team for playing defense, etc. It is especially important to note the desire and ability of the defender to fight to get the ball. This quality, which can be cultivated through training, can be used to build a very aggressive defense. This quality is perfect when guarding an opponent who is positioned with his back to the ring on the borders of the three-second zone.

Defensive actions against a center player positioned on the free throw line

When guarding the opposing center player in the area of ​​the penalty line, the defender must always remember his two main tasks: to prevent his player from receiving the ball flying above the waist (the defender guarding the player with the ball is responsible for the pass on the floor) and to prevent him from taking a more advantageous position to attack close to the shield. To do this, the defender must take the correct position. He is located behind - to the side of his ward. One leg of the defender is directly behind the attacker's back, the other is on the side of the ball. This will make it easier to control any movement of the attacker. The defender's head is turned so that he can see the ball and predict in advance the actions of the player with the ball. When moving the ball by dribbling or passing, the defender must move in the same direction behind the attacker and take the same position on the other side of him.

If the player on the foul line does receive the ball, the defender must immediately take a step back and take a position between his player and his backboard.

Guarding the center player located in the free throw area /on the third “mustache”/

As soon as the opposing center comes to the third "mustache" (counted from the end line), the defender guarding him must determine where the ball is. If the ball is above the arc, the defender is positioned slightly closer to the ball than his player, i.e., between his player and the free throw line. The distance between them should not exceed 1.5 m. The defender must prevent his player from receiving a direct or lob pass, and also prevent him from opening up to receive the ball in the free throw area.

If the ball is on the opposite side of the three-second zone, then the defender again takes a position in which he finds himself at one of the vertices of the protective triangle, and his player and the ball form the other two. In this case, the defender will have to position himself closer to the baseline than his opponent, sometimes even right under the basket. But in any case, the distance between them should not exceed 1.5-2 m. The defender must first of all prevent his player from opening up to receive a pass to the other side of the free throw area, and also be ready to come to the aid of his partners.

If the ball is on the same side as the player under his charge, then the defender must show maximum effort to prevent his opponent from receiving the pass. He is located behind - on the side of the player, on the side of the baseline, with one foot behind the opponent’s back, on the way to the ring, with the other foot on the side, one hand extended towards the ball in front of the attacker’s face, the other hand lightly touching his back, legs ready to jump or sharp repulsion. If the ball does hit the player, the defender must immediately take a short step back and take a basic defensive stance. Hands ready to kick the ball good job legs will allow you to successfully resist passage under the ring itself.

When the opposing center is positioned on the first “mustache,” then the defender has three possible positions depending on where the ball is. If the ball is in the opposite corner of the court, the defender is located in the middle of the three-second zone, almost under his own ring.

By maintaining his position, the defender will be able to prevent direct and lob passes and will be able to make it difficult for his player to get the ball to fall on the penalty line or in the center of the zone.

There is only one case when the defender guards the opponent on the first “mustache” from the side of the baseline, if the ball is in the near corner of the court. In this case, the defender takes a position from behind - on the side of the opponent, from the side of the baseline, and is responsible for passing to the chest and on the floor. But here he is entirely dependent on the help of his partners, because he is unable to prevent the overhead pass. In addition, if the attacker does receive the ball, the defender will no longer be able to counter the hook throw. A lot depends on how quickly and correctly the defender assesses the situation and makes a choice on how to guard the enemy.

When countering a particularly strong opposing center player or an opponent who had superior height. They use this type of defense as guarding the center player from the front. This is perhaps the most difficult type of defense against a center player, because it requires a subtle positional sense and constant tension. This type of individual protection is already closely related to group protective interactions, since it is unthinkable without the help and safety net of partners.

Defensive actions against a player entering the three-second zone

The opportunities for ball penetration into the three-second zone area are quite extensive when an attacker enters the three-second zone without the ball in order to receive a pass there and attack the rim from a convenient position. This is a very dangerous undermining of the entire defense from the inside. Therefore, it is extremely important that all defenders skillfully counter such entries and leave no chance for the enemy to receive a pass in this danger zone.

In the case when the ball is in the hands of an opponent standing still, one defender closely guards him, and four take a position determined by the concept of “triangle defense”.

A modern basketball player at any level of training, whether in a team of masters, reserves or a youth team, must firmly know and remember that every move of the enemy must cause a response movement. And since the pace of the game in basketball has increased significantly and situations change every second on the court, the defender must be in constant motion. Moreover, this is not a meaningless movement for the sake of movement, a demonstration of one’s speed endurance and strength, but a strictly deliberate, purposeful movement around the court, in which the defender constantly strives to be in a winning position, anticipating and anticipating the opponent’s intention and preventing him from fulfilling his intentions. Such pressure on the opponent will affect not only his performance, but also his mental stability. Thus, competent defensive actions will help you defeat your opponent before the end of the match. But such tactical literacy develops in the training process through repeated explanations from the coach and analysis of mistakes made in bilateral games.

The most common mistakes made by inexperienced basketball players when guarding a player heading into the three-second zone are the following:

1. They “miss” the opponent’s entry-jerk and react to it too late.

2. They move in the same direction as the opponent and do not have time to take a position that prevents them from receiving the pass.

Both of these mistakes usually result in the ring being taken or a foul by the defender.

The main way to fight against an attacker entering the zone is to fight for possession of the ball. The defender must always remember that the opponent must not receive the ball in the dangerous zone, otherwise the fight is already 70% lost. A good, skilled defender will be able to prevent this by maintaining the correct distance and positioning. Each time the ball moves, the defender must take 1-2 steps in the direction of the ball, which gives him a gain in distance in front of the opponent if he decides to open up to receive the ball in a straight line. If the attacker begins to move towards the hoop or the ball, the defender accompanies him, maintaining this visible distance and not letting the ball out of sight.

In order to prevent his player from receiving the ball in the zone, the defender must try to make it difficult for him to move forward. He can do this in several ways. Force the opponent to stop in the zone using the body and go in the opposite direction of the ball. But blocking the opponent’s path with your body needs to be very technical, because this involves breaking the rules. You can start fighting for the ball on the approaches to the zone and predict in advance the place where the attacker plans to receive the ball. In this case, you need to be especially careful and not allow your player to get between you and the ball even for a short moment. It is also necessary to remember about the possibility of a lobbed pass over the defender’s head, so it is especially important to maintain a distance from the opponent (about 0.5 m) and prevent him from using his body. It is very difficult to be between him and the ball all the time while the opponent is in the danger zone. This requires not only great physical concentration, but also intense attention and patience.

The stance of a defender fighting an attacker entering the zone coincides with the main defensive stance. As the attacker moves towards the ball, the distance between the guard and the ward gradually decreases from 1.5-2 m to 0.5 m. After all, the defender must be the first to be at the point where the attacker wants to receive the ball. If the attacker, when entering or leaving the zone, took the position of the center, with his back or side to the ring, then the defender must guard him as a center player, using the technique that is necessary in a certain game situation.

Since any opposing player can temporarily play the role of a center on the court, each defender must learn all types of defensive actions in the training process, regardless of his playing role.

3. TRAINING IN ATTACK AND DEFENSE TECHNIQUES

The study of movement techniques is carried out in the following sequence: running, stopping, jumping, turning.

From the very first exercises, it is necessary to strive for softness and ease in movements, for a constant readiness to change the nature and direction of actions. The stand contributes greatly to this. The stance is the starting position for performing any technique.

After demonstrating the stance, students perform the following exercises:

I. Take a stance and rise on your toes, evenly distributing the weight on both legs. Return to stance.

II. From a position on your toes, transfer the weight from one foot to another and take a stance again.

III. Take stance on signal

Mistakes: the weight of the body is transferred to one leg, the heels stand firmly on the support, and the weight of the body is distributed over the entire foot; the torso is excessively tilted forward; knees are pulled together, tension in the posture.

Walking is used in the game when changing the player's position in conditions where there is no need to act quickly.

Running provides a quick change of position. First, running facing forward is learned, then with side steps, forward and backward, and then backwards. The idea of ​​running technique is to a certain extent achieved by demonstration and brief explanation.

You should focus on the degree of bending of the legs, on the features of placing the foot on the support, and then on other details. Running technique is studied in a certain sequence.

Side step technique. The following exercises are used for mastering:

1. Running in place with the transition to running in a straight line.

2. Mincing running with the transition to regular running.

3. Running along the distance.

Attention is paid to the noiselessness of the run, its softness and freedom, the correct push-off from the platform, which determines the speed of movement and change in the direction of running. The following exercises contribute to correct push-off:

1. Spring running with high hip lift.

2. Jumping from foot to foot along the marks with the transition to running.

3 Jumping with high hip lift.

4. Jumping with high hip lift and high takeoff. When performing these exercises, you should pay attention to the energetic and complete straightening of the pushing leg with acceleration towards the end of the movement.

Running technique during acceleration: pay attention to the size of steps, placing the foot on the platform from the toe as close as possible to the projection of the central gravity, energetic movement of the arms, effective push-off.

The following exercises are used:

1. Starts from a place with acceleration of segments of 5-10 m.

2. Transition from normal running to run with acceleration /by a landmark, then by a sudden signal - auditory or visual/.

3. Acceleration on turns after leaving a straight line.

4. Acceleration in a straight line after exiting a bend.

Arc running technique:

1. Running in an arc or circle with a radius of up to 5 m.

2. Running from an arc to a straight line and vice versa.

3. Run in an arc to the right and left.

When learning to move Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the starting jerk. For the starting jerk, your stance is of great importance. In this case, attention should be paid to the transfer of the central gravity to the toes.

Stopping is a technique that allows you to instantly stop moving forward. It is studied in parallel with running. First, the method of stopping by walking is mastered, then by jumping. It is important to teach stopping from the very beginning in such a way that before stopping the step width does not change and the running speed does not slow down. The following exercises are used:

1. Uniform running and stopping, performed by the student independently.

2. The same, but the stop is performed by a signal.

3. Stopping at a predetermined place / according to a landmark /, without reducing the running speed at the moment of stopping.

Initially, you should pay attention to the first stopping step, bending supporting leg, ensuring termination forward movement body forward, correct relative position of the feet and central gravity.

The most common errors are: displacement of the central center of gravity on one leg of the feet; insufficient flexion of the supporting leg; strong forward tilt of the body; placement of the feet on the same frontal axis.

Errors are eliminated with the help of repeated displays, comments and analysis of the reasons for their occurrence.

Turns are used to cover the ball while the player is stationary. Forward and backward turns are studied in parallel. The exercises follow in this order:

1. Stepping with the foot (right or left).

2. Turns forward / backward / according to a general command.

3. A combination of turns forward and backward in different sequences according to a common command. The same can be done using conditioned visual and auditory signals.

4. Turns with simultaneous movements of the arms /forward, up, towards the body/.

...

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Topic: “Basketball defensive techniques”

The efforts of a team trying with all its might to win will be in vain if its players make serious mistakes in defensive actions.

The technical arsenal of an attacker is much richer than that of a defender. Experience shows that defense techniques are more universal and quite effective when performed correctly and carefully.

Defensive playing techniques are aimed at countering the attacking team. The main goal of playing defense is to interrupt the opponent's attack and gain possession of the ball before it is thrown into the basket. The defender must constantly strive to take the necessary position to prevent the attacker from reaching the shield or to a place advantageous for the development of the attack. No less important is the player’s ability to interfere with passes and catching the ball, dribbling and throwing the ball.

Protection techniques are divided into two main groups:

movement technique;

technique of mastering the ball and countering.

The basis of movement technology.

The movements of a basketball player on the court are part of an integral system of actions aimed at solving attacking problems and formed during the implementation of specific game positions.

To move around the court, the player uses walking, running, jumping, stopping, and turning. With the help of these techniques, he can choose the right place, break away from the opponent guarding him and go out in the right direction for the subsequent attack, achieve the most convenient, well-balanced starting positions for performing techniques. In addition, the effectiveness of technical techniques with the ball depends on the correct work of the legs when moving and maintaining balance: passes while moving and jumping, dribbling and dribbling, jumping shots, etc.

Walking in the game it is used less often than other movement techniques. It is used mainly for changing positions during short pauses or when the intensity of the game is decreasing, as well as for changing tempo in combination with running. Unlike normal walking, a basketball player moves on his legs with slightly bent knees, which provides him with the opportunity for sudden accelerations.

Run is the main means of transportation in the game. It is noticeably different from the running of an athlete. The player must be able to perform accelerations within the court from various starting positions, in any direction, face or backwards, and quickly change the direction and speed of running.

Jumping used as independent techniques. They are also elements of other techniques. Most often, players use high and high long jumps or a series of jumps. There are two ways to perform a jump: a push with two legs and a push with one leg.

Jump with two legs performed more often from a place from the main rack. The player quickly crouches down, moves his arms back slightly and raises his head. The push-off is carried out by powerful extension of the legs, energetic movement of the torso and arms forward and upward.

Running jump with two legs They are usually used when making shots into the hoop and when fighting for a rebound.

One-leg push jump is performed with a running start. Repulsion is carried out in such a way as to make maximum use of the inertial forces of the run-up. The last take-off step before take-off is made slightly wider than the previous ones. The pushing leg, slightly bent at the knee joint, is sent forward and elastically placed for the push by rolling from heel to toe; the basketball player seems to crouch a little. The other leg is actively swung forward and upward, and at the moment the general center of body mass passes over the support, it is bent at the hip and knee joints. After takeoff, when the basketball player’s body reaches its highest point, the swing leg is extended and attached to the push leg. Landing in any method should be soft, without loss of balance, which is achieved by shock-absorbing bending of slightly apart legs. Such a landing allows the basketball player to immediately begin performing game actions.

According to the situation, the player uses sharp, sudden stops, which, in combination with jerks and changes in the direction of running, make it possible to free oneself from the opponent’s guard for some time and get into free space for further attacking actions. Stopping is carried out in two ways: by jumping and by two steps.

The attacker uses turns to escape from the defender, to protect the ball from being knocked out, for feints followed by an attack on the ring. There are two ways to turn - forward and backward. A forward turn is performed by stepping in the direction where the basketball player is facing, and a back turn is performed in the direction where his back is turned.

A basketball player's defensive stance is the most rational position of the player's body parts for maneuverable defensive actions, which allows one to effectively hinder the attacker's attacking intentions.

Defender stance.

The defender should be in a stable position with slightly bent legs and be ready to make it difficult for the attacker to get into a comfortable position to attack the basket and receive the ball. While keeping a close eye on his man, the defending player must keep the ball and other opposing players in sight.

The variety of gaming situations dictates the existence of several types of stances. Their difference lies in the location and work of the legs and arms. In defense techniques, there are three types of stances: a stance with parallel feet (parallel); stand with one leg forward and closed stand.

The foot forward stance is used when holding the player with the ball when it is necessary to prevent him from making a throw or going under the backboard. The player is usually positioned between the attacker and the shield. He puts one almost straight leg forward with the foot positioned straight (toe forward), and his arm of the same name extends up and forward, preventing the expected throw. The back-standing leg is bent and placed with the foot turned outward, and the arm of the same name is pointed to the side and down to prevent the ball from being dribbled in the direction that is most dangerous for the basket. Body weight is located predominantly at the back standing leg. The head is raised, the gaze is directed forward. The back is straight.

The angle of the torso forward and the degree of bending of the legs are interconnected and determined by the playing situation. So, for example, when guarding an attacker who has taken possession of the ball on the far approaches to the basket (on the perimeter of the three-point line), the defender leans forward strongly and extends his arm of the same name as his front leg far forward. Thus, while being as close as possible to the opponent in order to actively counteract any of his attacking actions, the defending player is at the same time positioned as far as possible in relation to his center of gravity in order to have space and time to stop the attacker’s sudden high-speed passage. In another situation, when the opponent has just finished dribbling, the defender, having approached him as much as possible, straightens up completely and, actively waving his arms, prevents the attacker from aiming a throw or making an accurate pass to his partner.

Stand with your feet in line (parallel stance). It is used to guard an attacker with or without the ball away from the backboard, when there is no immediate threat of attacking and taking the basket, as well as when accompanying the movement of an opponent across the court. When a defender is marking an attacker with the ball who is preparing to take a jump shot. middle distance, he approaches a dangerous opponent in a so-called parallel stance and extends his hand towards the ball, trying to make it difficult for the attacker to lift the ball up to aim.

Characteristics of a parallel stance are the placement of the legs with the feet on the same line slightly wider than the shoulders, with the toes turned outward, and the arms being slightly bent at the elbows, pointing down to the sides. Body weight is evenly distributed on both bent legs. The body is slightly leaned forward. The position of the head and back is straightened.

Depending on the angle of bending of the legs in knee joints There are three types of parallel defender stance:

High (130-145°),

Medium (115-130°),

Low (less than 115°).

The degree of bending of the legs is determined by the position that the defender occupies in relation to his backboard and the ball, as well as the nature of the counteraction provided. So, for example, countering an attacker dribbling the ball should always be carried out in a low stance, and when guarding a center player attacking with his back to the shield, a high parallel stance should be used.

It should be borne in mind that a parallel stance, being less stable and balanced than a stance with a forward leg, at the same time allows the defender to react faster, begin actively countering the throw and, to a certain extent, block the opponent’s passage, both to the right and to the right. left side. This stance is used in a number of situations when guarding a center player attacking with his back to the backboard, as well as any opponent without the ball, located at a far distance from the ring.

During active defense, the so-called “closed stance” is also used; it is used in active forms of defense and differs from other types of stances by the close position of the defender facing the attacker, putting forward the leg closest to the ball from the side at the level of the opponent’s legs and actively stretching forward the same arm to prevent possible transfers. With the other half-bent hand, the player controls the position of the attacker to prevent his maneuver in a timely manner. At the same time, he must constantly keep the ball and the player under guard in his field of vision, and be in a stable position on bent, springy legs.

Movement. The direction and nature of the defender's movement, as a rule, depend on the actions of the attacker. Therefore, the defender must always maintain a position of balance and be ready to move in any direction, all the time changing the direction of running to the sides, forward, backward (often backwards), control the speed of his movement at the moment of opposition, as well as his opponents, increasing speed over a short period of distance , providing a shorter braking distance and a sharp stop.

At the present stage of development of the game, there is a tendency to intensify defensive actions. In particular, it manifests itself in the fact that team players using active forms of fighting strive to seize the initiative from the attackers when switching to defensive actions. With skillful use of varieties of stances and movements in defense, it becomes possible to dictate (provoke) the development of an attack in the desired direction in order to destroy it through aggressive individual actions, simulated group and team interactions. Consequently, we can talk about a certain shift in emphasis in the defender’s game: not opposition in response to the attacker’s action, but a proactive defensive action, forcing the attacker to play in a certain way.

The methods of running, dashing, stopping, jumping used by the defender are similar to the described methods used in the attack. Accordingly, there are no fundamental differences in the technique of their execution. Walking and slow running are used to counteract the passive play of the attacker; running backwards - during the transition from attack to defense; jerks - during a rapid attack of an opponent or for maximum quick recovery defensive positions, as well as when intercepting the ball. The defender alternates the listed methods of movement with stops and turns made according to the situation. Jumping with one or two legs is used when trying to prevent an opponent from throwing the ball or to gain possession of the ball during interceptions and fighting for a rebound on the backboard.

Specific in the defender's arsenal of techniques are movements with side steps and the so-called cross step-jump.

Extended steps are used both in a parallel stance by a defender when accompanying a player, and in a stance with a leg extended forward when the defender moves in the anteroposterior direction to cover a throw or counter the attacker’s passage. The peculiarity of moving with side steps is that the player moves with soft “cat” steps, without bouncing, on constantly bent legs with side steps, the first step is taken with the foot closest to the direction of movement, the second step (side step) should be sliding. At the same time, you cannot cross your legs and move the pushing leg behind the supporting leg, so as not to reduce speed and maneuverability.

The cross step-jump allows the defending player to quickly move around the court at a short distance. It is used to quickly change position in response to the movement of the ball or to suddenly block the path of a passing attacker (without breaking the blocking rule). The execution of a cross step-jump is characterized by an explosive nature of movements. The technique is performed low above the platform, without significant fluctuations in the position of the overall center of gravity. The defender, being in a parallel stance on bent legs, instantly transfers his body weight to the front part of the foot closest to the direction of movement and pushes powerfully to the side. In the unsupported phase, he makes a cross movement with the leg farthest to the direction of the jump. And, landing on it, he quickly puts out his pushing leg, coming to a stable position. n. (on bent legs with parallel feet). No less effective is the use of a cross step-jump in motion when it is preceded by the movement of the defender with side steps.

Specific points when moving a defender:

Constant shift starting position;

Incomplete awareness of the upcoming direction of movement until the start of the opponent’s attack;

Execution of a jerk after previous accelerations, direction, method, other kinematic and dynamic moments, the characteristics of which differ significantly each time;

The need to match the parameters of the initial movement with the parameters of the speed and trajectory of the ball, the movement of opponents, and the individual characteristics of performing a technique;

Diversity and multidirectionality of “trigger” signals (sound, direction of the opponent’s gaze, the beginning of the opponent’s or partner’s movement, coach’s hint, etc.);

The ability to actively start with a preliminary jump using explosive efforts.

Varieties of movements in defense must be taught simultaneously with mastering stances.

The methodology for teaching defensive actions to a basketball player has specific features determined by solving defensive problems. Yes, for effective game in defense it is important to be able to instantly start from continuously changing situations. etc. and accelerate as much as possible over short distances (1 - 5 m). No less important is the mobility of the defender, i.e. his ability to make quick decisions in response to changing game conditions.

To start moving or alternating modes of movement, many signals are used: sound; visual - the direction of the opponent’s gaze, the beginning of the movement of the ball, partner or attacker; hint from a coach or teammate, etc. Adequate training tools and methods are selected accordingly.

Considering the monotony characteristic of performing exercises from this section of technique, it is recommended to widely use the game method in the process of studying them.

Primary attention should be paid to mastering the technique of moving with side steps, which form the basis of the defender’s actions.

List of used literature:

Nesterovsky D.I. Basketball: Theory and teaching methods: textbook. aid for students higher textbook establishments / D.I. Nesterovsky. - 3rd ed., erased. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2007. - 336 p.

Sports games: Technique, tactics, teaching methods: Textbook. for students higher ped. textbook establishments / Yu.D. Zheleznyak, Yu.M. Portnov, V.P. Savin, A.V. Lexakov; Ed. Yu.D. Zheleznyaka, Yu.M. Portnova. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2004. - 520 p.