Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.

Sports equipment - this is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete’s use of his psycho physical capabilities.

The role of sports equipment in various types sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports equipment:

1. Speed-strength types (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the leading phases of the competitive exercise

2. Sports involving endurance (running long distances). Here the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the athlete’s body.

3. Sports involving the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). The technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and precision of movements.

4. Sports games and martial arts. The technique must ensure high performance, stability and variability in the changing conditions of competitive struggle.

The technical readiness of an athlete is characterized by what he can do and how he masters the technique. High level technical readiness called technical skill.

The criteria for technical mastery are:

1. Volume of technique - the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.

2. Diversity of technology - the degree of diversity of technical techniques. These indicators of technical skill are especially significant in those sports where there is a large arsenal of technical actions - sport games, martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating.

3. Efficiency of mastering sports equipment, the proximity of the sports technique to the individually optimal option. The effectiveness of technology is assessed in several ways:

a) comparing it with some biomechanical standard. If a technique is close to biomechanically rational, it is considered the most effective;

b) comparison of the assessed movement technique with the technique of highly qualified athletes;

c) comparison sports result with results in technically simpler tasks that characterize the motor potential of an athlete - strength, speed-strength, etc. For example, running from 30 m from a low and then a high start is performed. The time difference will characterize the effectiveness of the technique low start;

d) comparison of the shown result with the expenditure of energy and effort when performing a motor action. The lower the energy costs, i.e. the efficiency of his movements, the higher the efficiency of the technique.

4. Mastery of movement techniques. This criterion shows how a given technical action is memorized and consolidated.

Typical movements for well-mastered movements are:

a) stability of the sports result and a number of characteristics of the movement technique when performed under standard conditions;

b) stability (relatively small variability) of the result when performing an action (when the athlete’s condition changes, the opponent’s actions change in difficult conditions);

c) maintaining motor skills during breaks in training;

d) automation of actions.

Types of preparation:

General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities. Special training is aimed at mastering special technical techniques inherent in a particular sport and sports specialization.

Objectives of general technical training:

1.Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities, which are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.

2. Master the technique of exercises used as means of general physical training.

Tasks of special technical training:

1. To develop knowledge about the technique of sports activities.

2. Develop individual forms of movement technique that best suit the athlete’s capabilities.

3. Develop the skills and abilities necessary for successful participation in competitions.

4. Transform and update the forms of technology (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).

5. To develop new variants of sports techniques that have not been used before (for example, the “Fosbury flop” in high jumps; the shot put technique using the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing; “skating” stroke in skiing, etc.).

In the process of technical training, a complex of tools and

methods sports training. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:

Means and methods of verbal, visual and sensory-corrective influence. These include:

a) conversations, explanations, stories, descriptions, etc.;

b) demonstration of the technique of the movement being studied;

c) demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, videotapes, etc.;

d) use of subject and other reference points;

e) sound and light leading;

f) various simulators, recording devices, urgent information devices.

Means and methods that are based on the athlete performing any physical exercise:

a) general preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills and abilities that are the foundation for the growth of technical skill in your chosen sport;

c) methods of holistic and dismembered exercise. They are aimed at mastering, correcting, consolidating and improving the technique of a holistic motor action or its individual parts, phases, elements;

d) uniform, variable, repeated, interval, game, competitive and other methods that mainly contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique.

The use of these means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in annual and multi-year training cycles.

Assessment of technical readiness. Control over technical readiness consists of assessing the quantitative and qualitative aspects of an athlete’s technique when performing competitive and training exercises.

Equipment control is carried out visually and instrumentally. The criteria for an athlete's technical mastery are the volume of technique, versatility of technique and efficiency:

· The volume of technique is determined by the total number of actions that an athlete performs during training sessions and competitions. He is controlled by counting these actions.

· The versatility of technology is determined by the degree of diversity motor actions, which the athlete owns and uses in competitive activities. They control the number of various actions, the ratio of techniques performed to the right and left side (in games), attacking and defensive actions, etc.

· The effectiveness of a technique is determined by the degree of its proximity to the individually optimal option. An effective technique is one that ensures the achievement of the maximum possible result within a given movement.

· Sports performance is an important, but not the only criterion for the effectiveness of a technique. Methods for assessing the effectiveness of a technique are based on the realization of the athlete’s motor potential.

IN cyclic types In sports, indicators of the efficiency of technology are especially important, since there is a very clear pattern - an inversely proportional relationship between the level of technical skill and the amount of effort, physical expenditure per unit of sports result indicator (meter of distance).

Increasing the professionalism of a coach as one of the leading factors in the growth of sportsmanship of athletes

President of the City Boxing Federation I.S. Kolesnik, Ulyanovsk

The problem of finding innovative approaches to increasing the tactical and strategic preparedness of athletes in each sport should be addressed by coaches. It is the coach who must receive new information about the features of the methods of training boxers in different regions, countries, national schools and promptly process and transform it taking into account personal experience practical activities into a fundamentally new approach to developing your own informative methodology. The presence of a mentor’s creative approach to achieving sports mastery by his wards is evidenced, first of all, by the dynamics of a sustainable increase in fitness indicators in all main areas sports training.

To prove the put forward position - the dependence of growth on the degree of professional skill of a sports teacher - we undertook a special study. At three sports schools, specializing in the training of boxers, trainers were identified who wanted to take part in this pedagogical experiment. 7 trainers with higher specialized education, but with different practical experience (from 3 to 18 years of coaching experience) aged 26 - 46 years old, were included in the experimental group (EG), the remaining 6 people, also with different levels theoretical and practical preparedness and age, constituted the control group (CG). Before the start of the experiment, athletes and students participating in the experiment of coaches were tested on general, special physical and technical-tactical readiness. In addition, their achievements based on the results of participation in competitions over the previous year were taken into account.

A special questionnaire was developed for trainers from the EG and CG to determine the following important data characterizing the teacher’s desire to expand his horizons and improve professional level:

The trainer's knowledge of scientific and methodological publications on methods of training boxers of various qualifications and other issues of education and training;

Listing the most personally significant this coach issues reflected in this or that work;

The ability to objectively evaluate the information contained in a particular scientific and methodological publication;

Willingness to use in your own practice of training boxers new products that deserve attention and are reflected in the specialized literature;

Once a week we introduced the coaches of the EG and CG to various exercise systems used by athletes high class at different stages of their preparation; new methodological techniques, allowing a more intelligible presentation of the features of various forms and types of combat tactics, use various distances during the fight; modern developments of simulators and training devices specialized in the development of leading motor-coordinating qualities, etc.

Sports teachers had the opportunity to verify the advisability of using a variety of tests to determine different types preparing athletes at one or another stage of training depending on the assigned tasks; application of the simplest technical means of monitoring the main parameters of the performed motor actions (millisecond watch, dynamometer and their various modifications); various devices that imitate the image of a person with designated areas for performing shock actions, which contributed to increasing their accuracy; hanging pears, bags with special markings that have a specific methodological focus.

The trainers who were part of the EG on a voluntary basis, as a rule, quickly responded to all proposals for modernizing educational training process and willingly adopted the sets of physical exercises we recommended to solve specific training problems. Six coaches out of seven training forces prepared special training shields of various methodological orientations based on our sketches, purchased dynamometers and millisecond watches with appropriate devices for measuring the force of impact in different conditions and situations of a boxing match, determined by the tactical plan of the coach.

We also used a methodology for involving sports teachers in the development of new versions of the motor tasks we proposed in order to develop in them a creative approach to the content of each educational and training session. It should be noted that the teachers showed obvious interest and activity, as they understood and were convinced from their own experience that the approach we proposed to organizing and conducting classes stimulated the activity of students and contributed to increasing their interest. This was expressed in a large number of approaches to performing certain tasks, the desire to obtain feedback about the parameters of each motor action, etc.

In KG sports teachers conducted training sessions as usual, using traditional, established methods of organizing and conducting classes, without being distracted by unnecessary, in their opinion, obscure innovations. Some asked permission to familiarize themselves with creative tasks without using them in their practical activities.

Six months after the start of our study, a repeat survey was conducted among trainers from the EG and CG with the same list of questions. The EG teachers not only had a better understanding of the peculiarities of each task, but also more quickly and correctly named works and their authors on a problem that, in their opinion, was more significant and relevant. They were better versed in the peculiarities of the methods of training boxers by the country's leading trainers, and also listed distinctive features activities of national boxing schools.

Almost all the trainers from the EG used in their classes the new sets of physical exercises we proposed, aimed at increasing the level of development of dexterity and accuracy of striking strikes. Their students began to try themselves in different forms of combat, striving to find the optimal tempo and rhythm of movements in each round. The arsenal of feints and special preparatory actions they use has increased significantly. Observations showed an increase in the density of educational training sessions, increasing the variety of preparation tools and methods used.

Repeated testing of the level of physical, tactical and technical preparedness of boxers using the same tests showed that in the EG of coaches the level of sportsmanship of students is significantly higher.

Thus, the conducted research confirmed that the level of professional skill of the coach is determined by the constant development and improvement of directions and approaches in the training of high-class athletes, which is due to changes in the social, economic and other spheres of our life, improvement of the conditions for training athletes, including material and sports base, introducing into the educational and training process the latest achievements, modern developments, simulators, training devices, special equipment and other equipment. Life does not stand still, and in order to successfully teach others, you need to constantly learn yourself.

Introduction

A rapidly developing sport, steadily increasing competition in the world sports arena With the ever-increasing level of sports results, more and more new problems are being put forward for athletes.

The high level of modern sports results requires from the athlete not only a high level physical fitness, but also perfect possession rational movement technique, as well as the ability to act creatively and independently in unusual situations. Therefore, one of the pressing problems of sports training is the problem of increasing technical skills. Previously, this issue was not given due attention. The fragmentation of sport research has led to a narrow understanding of the problem and different views on the improvement and assessment of technical skill. Research in the field of systems and methods of sports training (N.G. Ozolin, L.P. Matveev), teaching motor actions (V.D. Maznichenko, M.M. Bogen), physiology and biomechanics in cyclic sports (N.V. Zinkin, D.D. Donskoy, V.M. Zatsiorsky, V.B. Issurin), sports psychology (I.P. Ratov, A.Ts. Puni) are largely fundamental in nature, but consider the problem of technical improvement from highly specialized positions.

We consider technique in any sport as a specialized system of simultaneous and sequential movements aimed at rationally organizing the interaction of internal and external forces involved in a motor act, with the goal of using them most fully and effectively to achieve higher athletic results. Depending on the specifics of the sport, the concept of technique is somewhat more specific.

Technical mastery usually means perfection of the motor component, but this is far from sufficient. Technical skill is a broader concept, including not only the motor side of the action, but also all those processes that are involved in the regulation and control of movements and ensure their high final effect (V.M. Dyachkov, V.M. Klevenko, N. A. Khudadov).

The technical skill of an athlete is determined not only by the ability to show high results, maintain the stability of the biomechanical structure or, conversely, make changes depending on conditions and factors that disrupt the work, but also by the ability to find that unique individual style of performing an action that suits him (the athlete) at a given time. period of time, the ability to be in a state of “search” throughout the entire sports career.

Objective assessment of technical skill.

Theoretical aspects of technical skill of athletes

Concepts - technical training, sports technique and technical skill of athletes

Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection (L.P. Matveev, 1982: N.G. Ozolin, 2002; V.N. Platonov, 2004; V.P. Savin, 1990, 2003, etc. ).

Sports technique is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete’s use of his psychophysical capabilities.

The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports techniques.

1. Speed-strength types (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the leading phases of a competitive exercise, for example, during take-off in running or in long and high jumps, when performing the final effort in throwing a javelin, discus, etc. .d.

2. Sports characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (long-distance running, ski race, cycling, etc.). Here the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the athlete’s body.

3. Sports based on the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). The technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and precision of movements.

4. Sports games and martial arts. The technique must ensure high performance, stability and variability of the athlete’s actions in the constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle (Yu.F. Kuramshin, 1999).

The technical readiness of an athlete is characterized by what he can perform and how he masters the technique of mastered actions. A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical mastery.

There are general and special technical training.

General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities.

The following tasks are solved in the process of general technical training:

1. Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities, which are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.

2. Master the technique of exercises used as means of general physical training.

Special technical training is aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. It provides solutions to the following tasks:

1. To develop knowledge about the technique of sports activities.

2. Develop individual forms of movement technique that best suit the athlete’s capabilities.

3. Develop the skills and abilities necessary for successful participation in competitions.

4. Transform and update the forms of technology (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).

5. Create new versions of sports equipment that have not been used before.

Technical skill of athletes is an integral concept of the theory and methodology of sports training. It, in turn, is based on such fundamental concepts as sports equipment and technical training. Technical excellence is the result of development effective technology a specific sport and the successful implementation of the pedagogical process of technical training itself. High quality technique and the process of technical training, as a rule, leads to the fact that athletes acquire such a high level of technical skill that provides them with a fairly high probability of achieving record results.

In order to significantly increase the effectiveness of training athletes for largest competitions it is necessary, at a minimum, to solve all the problems that arise on the way to improving their technical skills.

The first problem is that the most essential aspects of the development of rational models of sports equipment in various sports have not been sufficiently studied in theory and practice.

The second problem is that in methodological support In the training process of highly qualified athletes in most sports, the main emphasis of training is aimed, as a rule, at increasing the functional capabilities of athletes and there are practically no special developments in the field of methodology for improving their technical skills.

Thus, it is obvious that in order to radically improve the quality of training of highly qualified athletes, the following should be done:

· significantly increase their level of technical proficiency, mainly through increased efficiency research work in this direction;

· identify the biomechanical structure of competitive activity in each specific sport;

· develop biomechanical models of the best examples of motor action techniques;

· create a methodology for mastering these models, based on the technology of didactic biomechanics and psychomotorics, adequate to the motor skills of each sport;

· provide a system of objective pedagogical control of the process of technical training and assessment of the level of technical skill of athletes;

· provide athletes with such technical and training means, uniforms and equipment that meet the requirements of ergonomic biomechanics.

Based on the above, one of the main directions for improving the quality of the training process can be considered the development of more effective means and methods for improving the technical training of athletes based on objective knowledge about the systemic and structural organization of competitive exercises.

The importance of the level of development of an athlete’s motor qualities for technical mastery

The technical skill of an athlete depends on the level of development of motor qualities - strength, endurance, flexibility, speed, coordination abilities. Somatic features of those involved, topography muscle strength, body proportions also influence the technique of performing competitive exercises. The level of manifestation of motor qualities, in particular endurance, is closely related to the efficiency of technique, the development of mental stability to overcome severe fatigue, and the ability to implement rational tactics during competitions. Each of these factors, as numerous studies show, has a significant impact on the sporting achievements of athletes. True, the plasticity of the body allows compensatory mechanisms to somewhat smooth out the absence of one of them, but this comes at a very high price. The degree of development of compensation factors should significantly exceed their average level of development, which is usually sufficient with a normal ratio of the most important characteristics. In the study of V.G. Semenov, there is evidence that the discrepancy between the level of development of qualities and the type of sport is always compensated by the excessive development of other qualities that allow the movement to be performed with the strength or speed necessary for victory. However, some characteristics of athletes, which are the most important for a given sport, cannot be compensated for at all. For example, the lack of a certain body mass in a hammer or shot thrower is unlikely to be effectively replaced by any functional or mental factors. “Only a comprehensive constitutional - pedagogical - functional approach in its trinity allows us to objectively assess the individual, his functional capabilities and predict the further development of soma and functions. There are no functional changes that are not based on morphological changes, just as there are no morphological changes without changes in functional indicators.”

Purposeful long-term training and education of high-class athletes is a complex process, the quality of which is determined by a number of factors. One of these factors is the selection of gifted children and adolescents, their sports orientation.

1. Sports selection - this is a set of measures that allows you to determine the high degree of predisposition (giftedness) of a child to one or another type of sports activity (sport).

Sports selection is a long multi-stage process that can only be effective if the athlete is provided with complex methodology assessments of his personality, suggesting the use various methods research (pedagogical, biomedical, psychological, sociological, etc.).

Pedagogical methods allow you to assess the level of development physical qualities, coordination abilities and sports and technical skills of young athletes.

Based on medical and biological methods, morphofunctional features, level physical development, the state of the body’s analytical systems and the athlete’s health.

By using psychological methods the mental abilities of the athlete are determined, influencing the solution of individual and collective problems during wrestling, and also evaluates the psychological compatibility of athletes when solving problems assigned to a sports team.

Sociological methods make it possible to obtain data on children’s sporting interests and to reveal cause-and-effect relationships in the formation of motivation for long-term sports and high sporting achievements.

2. Sports orientation – a system of organizational and methodological measures that allows one to outline the direction of specialization of a young athlete in a particular sport.

Sports orientation comes from an assessment of the capabilities of a particular person, on the basis of which the most suitable type of sports activity is selected.

Thus, sports selection must solve the problem of identifying promising people from whom it is possible to prepare outstanding athletes, and sports orientation is to determine the strategy and tactics of this preparation in the system of education and training.

A weak manifestation of physical abilities and personality traits in relation to one of the sports cannot be considered as a lack of athletic ability. Less preferred characteristics in one type of sports activity may turn out to be favorable factors and ensure high performance in another type.

3. Athletic ability – this is a set of personality qualities that corresponds to the objective conditions and requirements for a certain activity and ensures its successful implementation.

In sports, both general abilities (providing relative ease in mastering knowledge, skills and abilities and productivity in various types of activities) and special abilities (necessary to achieve high results in a particular sport) are important.

Sports abilities largely depend on hereditarily determined (genetic) inclinations, which are stable and conservative. Therefore, when predicting sports abilities, one should pay attention, first of all, to those relatively little variable signs that determine the success of future sports activities.

Along with the study of conservative characteristics, the forecast of sports abilities involves identifying those indicators that can significantly change under the influence of training. In this case, it is necessary to take into account both the growth rate of indicators and their initial level.

It is important to take into account that sports selection and orientation are not one-time events at one or another stage of sports improvement, but an almost continuous process that covers the entire long-term training of an athlete.

Selection and orientation are closely related to the structure of an athlete's long-term development. In accordance with this, it is advisable to distinguish five stages of selection, as a result of each of which the answer to the question should be given: is the subject capable of solving the problems that arise at a specific stage of many years of training?

In accordance with this, the main task of selection is established at each of its stages.

Relationship between sports selection and the stages of long-term training

Sports selection		Multi-year preparation stage
Stage	Task
Primary	Establishing expedient sports improvement in a given sport	Initial training stage
Preliminary	Identification of abilities for effective sports improvement	Pre-basic training stage
Intermediate	Identification of abilities to achieve high sports results, endure high training and competitive loads	Stage of specialized basic training
Basic	Establishing the ability to achieve world-class results	Stage of maximum realization of individual capabilities
Final	Identifying abilities to maintain achieved results and improve them. Determining the feasibility of continuing a sports career.	Maintaining the highest level of sportsmanship. Gradual decline in achievements.

In the process of selection and orientation, a variety of studies are used, which allow one to obtain fairly complete information about the athlete:

State of health and level of physical development;

Features of biological maturation;

Properties nervous system;

Functional capabilities and prospects for improving the most important systems of the athlete’s body;

Level of development of motor qualities and prospects for their improvement;

Ability to master sports techniques and tactics;

Ability to withstand training and competitive loads, intensive recovery processes;

Motivation, hard work, perseverance, determination, mobilization readiness;

Competitive experience, the ability to adapt to partners and opponents, and the peculiarities of refereeing.

The level of sportsmanship and the ability to realize it in extreme competition conditions.

The tasks of a specific stage of selection and orientation determine the role and significance of the information obtained in each of these areas.

Health information is equally important for each of the five stages.

Data about the physique, characteristics of the nervous system, possibilities and prospects for improving the most important functional systems of the body are especially necessary in the first and second stages.

The level of sports performance, the ability to show the highest results in extreme conditions, competitive experience, and the ability to adapt to the conditions of specific competitions become crucial in the fourth and fifth stages.

Sports selection begins at childhood and ends with selection for national teams in sports and identification of abilities to maintain higher sporting achievements. It is carried out in five stages.

Increasing the functional capabilities of the body, developing motor qualities (strength, speed, endurance, agility, flexibility) occurs under the influence of optimally repeating and gradually increasing demands on the organs and systems, on the athlete’s musculoskeletal system. This is primarily the basis for acquiring physical fitness and improving volitional and mental qualities. In the process of sports training, an athlete achieves fitness, i.e., a state that is characterized by increased performance in the exercises in which he specializes.

Sports fitness and skill level consist of a number of components: technical, tactical, physical, psychological and theoretical preparation. All these elements are closely interrelated and influence each other’s level of development. The art of a coach or coaching team (if it is at a training camp) is to correctly assess a boxer’s abilities and find ways and methods for their development.

Improving technology. Improvement of technology includes:

a) expanding the arsenal of technical means for conducting combat with opponents different styles; b) improving the most successfully used technical methods; c) elimination of technical deficiencies in movement, strikes, defenses and counteractions due to more rational and economical execution of movements, increasing the speed of movements.

Some boxers are better at attacking than counterattacking, others are poor at defending against one of the blows, for example from a side blow, etc. An experienced coach will immediately notice these shortcomings. But it's not just about correcting deficiencies; important to find in a boxer good qualities, highlight successfully applied techniques and skillfully develop and improve them. The effect of a blow during an attack and counterattack depends on the correctly calculated distance, combination forward movement forward, to the sides or backwards with a turn of the body, transfer of body weight from one leg to the other, the position of the fist, the direction of movement of the hand, the accuracy of the hit, the speed of striking, a stable position and self-insurance with defensive actions from oncoming blows from the enemy. Due to the fact that each boxer demonstrates technical abilities differently, the main form educational process is an individual lesson with a trainer. In this case, the trainer uses three teaching and training methods: exercises in single and group strikes on the paws; working with students as a partner; direct observation of only one boxer when he is training with a partner or on a machine.

If a boxer has deficiencies (in punching movements, defensive actions or agility), then the task focuses on correcting them and the exercises are repeated until the boxer achieves correct execution. For example, a boxer, when delivering a side blow with his right hand and head, does not turn his fist enough and hits with the prohibited part of his gloves; in this case, the exercises should include this strike from different distances and from different provisions. The second case: a boxer, when approaching an opponent to attack with direct blows, exposes his head to counter blows due to the straightness of the movement. He needs to develop the skills of small deflections with blows: when attacking with a direct blow with the left, do a slight deflection to the right, when attacking with a direct blow with the right, do a deflection to the left. Some boxers lose their balance when moving forward during an attack; They should master the ability to maintain distance and develop resilience.

Individual blows or several successive blows improve exercises on apparatus, first according to the instructions of the coach, then at the choice of the boxer himself. Details of the technique are corrected and improved first during an individual lesson, then at general classes and, finally, used in combat training practice.

If a boxer mainly uses a small set of favorite technical means, then naturally this reduces his tactical capabilities. Therefore, along with improving your favorite combat techniques, you must systematically work on improving others (both technical and tactical). This allows the boxer to diversify forms of fighting and expand the use of various techniques.

Improving tactics. When improving tactical skills, the following tasks are first of all set: 1) to master the largest number of options for tactical episodes, taking into account one’s technical and physical capabilities; 2) study tactics to fight opponents of different styles and manners; 3) develop selected tactics; 4) in pre-competition training and in the tournament, simulate the technique and tactics of upcoming opponents.

Technique and tactics in boxing are inseparable. Each technical action is used to solve a tactical plan. A direct single left strike to the head is tactically built on maintaining a long distance. By deceptive action with a direct right blow to the body, they want to force the opponent to reflexively lower right hand, in order to deliver a direct or lateral left blow to the opened part of the head, etc. But the boxer will not realize his tactical plan if he does not have the necessary arsenal of technical means, for example, does not have the speed of approach and the ability to suddenly act (the enemy will be able to maneuver and will deliver counter direct and side blows). When a boxer is poor at defending against side punches, he will not be able to fight on the ground. middle distance, because we are vulnerable from the flanks.

When teaching a boxer the technique of even simple actions, at the same time you need to explain to him various options their tactical use. For example, when studying a side blow with the right to the head, you should tell in what cases to use this blow, show its use as an attacking and counterattack blow, give practical tasks in pair training and, further, in combat practice conditions.

An experienced boxer must solve problems of a more complex nature than a beginner. In the practice of training sessions, during one round, he can change the tactics of approaching the enemy three times if he wants to fight at close range. For example, a quick, straightforward approach to the enemy did not bring success, and the boxer did not achieve results even when approaching from the side in which the enemy was moving. Then you need to try to get your opponent into the corner of the ring.

Most often, a boxer imposes on his opponent a form of fighting that he is good at, or one that his opponent is less skilled at. It may happen that both opponents are good at, say, close combat. Then one of them, who is equally able to fight at different distances and does not have an advantage in close combat in this case, breaks away from the enemy and forces him to fight at a long distance, in which he may be stronger.

The use of diverse tactics depending on the strengths and capabilities (one's own and the enemy's) constitutes tactical art based on technical diversity.

The main forms of improving tactical actions are combat practice and competitions.

In order for a boxer to gain practice in the use of combat weapons in various tactical forms, it is necessary to select partners for him with different styles and manners of fighting. In accordance with the technical and tactical skill of the partner, the boxer must set tactical goals and achieve their implementation.

Special attention improving tactics boxers higher ranks are given at the last stage of preparation for the tournament. At training camps, each boxer has the opportunity to have training sparring sessions with partners different in style and tactics, which contributes to the successful improvement of tactical skills.

Improving physical qualities. The task of improving physical qualities includes: 1) development of special endurance; 2) improvement of “explosive actions”; 3) development of speed-strength qualities of reaction to the actions of the enemy; 4) improving special agility based on a high level of coordination, speed of action, and freedom of movement. In boxing, these qualities are inextricably linked and influence each other. At the same time, one of the qualities, say endurance, may manifest itself better, A, for example, reaction speed may be less developed, etc.

The coach’s task is to find means and methods for developing individual strong and, especially, weak physical qualities of a boxer. For this purpose, general developmental exercises are used, but mainly specialized exercises in pairs and on apparatus. We must always remember that the level of psychological preparation greatly influences the improvement of sportsmanship.

Improving volitional training. Volitional training is manifested not only during fights, but also when performing exercises related to the activities of a boxer, and following the training regimen, diet and water-salt regime. Large training loads (both in volume and intensity) require volitional effort. In the preparatory period, as they approach the tournament, most boxers experience increased nervous tension: responsibility for the result, anticipation of strong opponents, etc. In these cases, high volitional qualities are needed in order to self-regulate emotions. Volitional qualities are strengthened by a boxer's confidence in success, proper regulation of training loads, selection of partners for training free fights, objective self-esteem, an optimal combination of training and rest, and the creation of conditions for the manifestation of positive emotions.

The art of a coach is to find connections between the individual components of a boxer’s skill, to determine to what extent the technical factor influences the development of the tactical, and the technical-tactical level influences volitional qualities. Therefore, the improvement of sportsmanship is most effective at educational and training camps where the team works experienced trainers, there are many high-class boxers of different styles, favorable conditions have been created for the implementation of training plans.

TRAINING IN A MOUNTAIN CLIMATE

Practical experience and scientific research have proven the usefulness of training in mid-altitude conditions. Therefore, boxers all over the world, preparing for large-scale competitions, spend part of their training in the mountains. This, as a rule, occurs in the transition period of training or in the first half of the preparatory period, and in cases where competitions are foreseen at an altitude of 500-1000 m and above sea level, training is carried out in the mountains all the time (before the tournament).

Acclimatization in the mountains

Training in the mountains significantly increases the physical capabilities of athletes. Mountain air has a beneficial effect on the body.

At a slightly lower temperature of the mountain air, performance improves significantly, attention, accuracy and coordination of movements, reaction speed, and the ability to switch from one type of work to another increase.

As is known, the hygienic characteristics of air are composed of its physical properties - temperature, humidity, speed, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation; radioactivity, electrical state, chemical composition, content of mechanical impurities (dust, smoke, soot), microflora (bacterial contamination). Each of these factors has a certain physiological significance. The higher the area above sea level, the cleaner the air and the more positive the effect on the body: breathing, mood, general well-being, appetite and sleep improve.

Low atmospheric and partial pressure of oxygen have a noticeable effect on the human body and in the mountains. If at normal pressure at rest, with each breath 400-600 cm 3 of air enters the lungs, which gives (at 16-20 breaths per minute) 6-8 liters, then with reduced pressure at an altitude of 1500-2000 m the amount of inhaled air increases respectively, up to 600-800 cm 3 and 9-11 l/min. In a person who first reached an altitude of over 1500 m, with physical work symptoms of hypoxia will appear (albeit subtle) - mountain sickness, which is characterized by rapid breathing and pulse, somewhat elevated mood, faster but less coordinated movements, increased gestures, accelerated speech. After some time, the body adapts (acclimatizes): the amount of hemoglobin increases, metabolism increases and performance is fully restored.

Positive influence the body is affected by a large number of negative ions in the mountain air. The air is ionized when water is sprayed (near waterfalls, stormy mountain rivers). Ionization is promoted by ultraviolet rays. The degree of ionization of air is a criterion for its purity. It has been found that the more sunlight there is, the fewer cases and shorter the duration of infectious diseases spread through the air. Irradiation of the skin with ultraviolet rays, which the mountain sun is rich in, improves it physiological properties. To create the biological strength of the body, this factor is important. The timing of acclimatization is influenced by several factors, and first of all, “mountain experience”: the more a boxer spends and trains in mountain conditions, the faster his body adapts to them.

The second factor is the difference in altitude between the place of permanent residence and training and the mountainous area where the training will take place.

The third factor influencing the effectiveness of acclimatization is the degree of general physical fitness and special training. The more trained a boxer is, even in lowland conditions, the faster and easier he passes the point of so-called acute acclimatization.

Boxers training in mountainous terrain

Typically, collection in the mountains is carried out during the transition period or at the beginning of the preparatory period (20-25 days). In this short period of time, the boxer must have time to acclimatize and train at a high level.

From the second day of being in the mountains, they begin walking over rough terrain, gradually lengthening the routes, choosing increasingly complex terrain and increasing the pace of movement. Such walks should be taken at least every other day, but every 2-3 hours, while the body should experience moderate physical activity.

During training sessions in mountainous areas, as well as on the plains, it is necessary to develop all components of training: physical, technical, tactical and psychological. However, their specific weight is not the same: the main attention is paid to the general physical training with a special focus (70% of the total training time).

Your stay in the mountains should be divided into three stages.

Stage I(“acute” acclimatization - 4-6 days). This stage involves the primary functional restructuring of the body under the influence of climatic conditions and training means. Your training should include light floor exercises and pay a little attention to apparatus exercises. Running is not recommended (so as not to overload the cardiovascular and respiratory system), it is better to walk quickly, especially during morning exercises.

Stage II(5-8 days). With good health and positive medical indicators, pedagogical observation and self-control, you should increase the pace and number of exercises, introduce various elements with tension, resistance exercises and weights; exercises with a partner (stand-up wrestling, throwing medicine balls); sports games (with short halves and long breaks). You can practice striking on apparatus for two or three rounds at a slow pace.

During this period, it is advisable to exercise three times a day for one hour (including morning exercises). Before lunch, athletes go for walks (skiing in winter), play games and perform specialized exercises in the evening. In both the first and second stages, you should not perform speed-strength exercises for results.

Stage III. Begins after a 15-day stay in the mountains. You can conduct three sessions of 1.5-2 hours or two sessions of 2-3 hours. In the third stage, the intensity and duration increase morning exercises, which can include light running on slightly rough terrain and sports games. The walks are longer, the terrain is moderately rugged. Specialized exercises take on the character of a full-fledged training with preparatory, main and final parts (1.5-2 hours). More time is spent on exercises with a partner and on apparatus.

For variety, in the summer you can go on hikes with overnight stays, organize bivouacs, get acquainted with the life of the local population, etc.

Studies have shown that during vigorous activity of an athlete, including a boxer, in mid-altitude conditions, up to 7000 kcal is consumed. This is explained by a significant increase in oxidative processes in the body. Diets should be enriched with vegetables, relatively low in fat and rich in vitamins B and C, the need for which increases in mountainous conditions (V.S. Asaimani recommends consuming up to 500 mg per day of ascorbic acid - vitamin C).

In conditions of active sports activity, the need for vitamins A, B 2, PP increases. Carrots, red peppers, green onions, and garlic are rich in these vitamins. Juices, kefir, and yogurt are useful, as they speed up the digestion process.

Staying and training athletes in a mountain climate creates favorable conditions for improving sportsmanship. Functional changes in the body that developed during the stay in the mountains are accompanied by an improvement in overall well-being and increased performance, which persist for a long time when the boxer returns to normal conditions at the place of constant training.