Your ideal weight. Real weight, ideal weight
Body weight sums up the level of development of the musculoskeletal system, subcutaneous fat layer and internal organs. Body weight is measured in kilograms (kg) with an accuracy of 50 grams. The subject stands in the middle of the scale platform and calmly measures his weight.
Using indices and formulas, you can determine the permissible body weight. For a more accurate analysis, it is recommended to use as many formulas as possible. Calculate the average.
height – 100, with a height of 155-165 cm;
height – 105, with a height of 166-175 cm;
height – 110, with a height of 176 cm or more
After calculations, 8% should be subtracted from the result.
2.2. Bernhard's formula:
2.3. Lorentz formula:
2.4. Cooper formula:
For men
For women
IN last years evaluation indices and formulas have appeared that allow not only to calculate a certain parameter, but also to compare it with standard values.
More than 540 – obesity,
451-540 – excessive weight
416-450 – overweight
401-415 - good
400 – best for men
390 - best for women
360-389 – average
320-359 – bad
300-319 – very bad
200-299 - exhaustion
ü If your weight is within + 10% of the permissible (), then it is easy for you to maintain homeostasis (balance of the internal environment of the body);
ü if your weight exceeds adequate by 10-15%, then you have overweight;
ü if your weight exceeds adequate:
§ by 15-24%, then you have stage I obesity;
§ 25-49% - II degree obesity;
§ 50-99% - III degree obesity;
§ 100% or more – IV degree obesity;
ü if your weight is 10% or more below adequate, then you are underweight.
Excess or underweight poses a danger to human health. You need to change your dietary and behavioral program, and also choose a set of special physical exercises that help stabilize your weight.
4. Body type (morphotype) according to methods:
A person’s morphotype can be determined not only using descriptive techniques, but also using measurements and calculations. Take the necessary measurements and calculate the morphotype. The dominant morphotype obtained using formulas is considered true.
4.1. Measure working hand wrist circumference and determine the somatotype according to table 2.
Table 2.
4.2. Quetelet weight-height index:
Table 3
Measuring the circumference chest, take in right hand the end of the tape with zero division, and to the left - its other end. Bring the tape to waist level. Then, moving your elbows to the sides, lift it to the level of the lower corners of your shoulder blades. In women, the measurement is made above the mammary gland (see Fig. 5), in men along the lower edge of the isola (see Fig. 6), at the level of the 4th rib, taking into account that the collarbone is located above the second. Measurements are taken in three positions: with a deep breath (you cannot breathe); after a complete exhalation and in a pause state when the chest is in the middle position. When determining the average position, the subject must be distracted by conversation to avoid holding his breath. The difference between inhalation and exhalation is the excursion of the chest.
Table 5
4.5. Proportionality index physical development:
Compare with tabular data (Table 6)
Table 6
Analyze the calculations obtained and draw your own conclusions. The dominant morphotype cannot be changed. But adapting your lifestyle and creating a health or support program is necessary in order to live without disease in harmony with nature.
Questions for self-control.
1. What physical activities slow down human growth?
2. Is it possible to increase height after 20 years?
3. From what components is the human body mass formed?
4. What is obesity?
5. Consequences of sudden weight loss?
Independent work No. 3.
Before you sit down diet, It’s worth determining what weight you’re aiming for. How to lose weight and what is ideal weight? Answering these questions, we picture in our imagination a slender, thin person. In fact, thinness is not the norm and not an indicator of health. It is well known that according to the structure of the body, people can belong to three different types– asthenic, normosthenic and hypersthenic. For example, for a woman with a hypersthenic type of build, it is almost impossible to achieve the model 90X60X90, even if she loses a lot of weight, since with this type of build she has a genetically determined broad bone. How to lose weight , to what parameters? Before you start losing weight, you need to determine what type you are and what your ideal weight is.
Asthenics – people of a thin-boned type of build, distinguished by an elongated silhouette and long limbs. They practically do not gain weight, so they can afford to eat whatever they want. The energy they receive from food is completely spent on ensuring their own vital functions. They often dream of getting better, but it is difficult for them to achieve this.
Normosthenics – people with normal (normosseous) type. They have a proportional physique, i.e. correct ratio of the main body sizes.
Hypersthenics – people with big bones. They have a wide chest, hips and shoulders. Representatives of this category are more likely than others to be overweight.
- The easiest way to determine your type is to measure the circumference of your wrist. For asthenics, as a rule, the figure will be less than 16 cm, for normosthenics - 16 - 18.5 cm, for hypersthenics - more than 18.5 cm. But this, of course, is an approximate calculation.
In addition to body type, weight is influenced by factors such as height and age.
- Women with a height of 176 cm or more are considered very tall, tall - 168 - 175 cm, average - 157 - 167 cm, below average - 151 -156 cm, short - less than 151 cm.
Leg length is the main component of height. Tall representatives of the asthenic and normosthenic type usually have long legs, while short ones have short legs. Legs are considered short if their length is less than half the height. Most often, this proportion occurs in women of the hypersthenic type. Female figure it looks beautiful if the length of the legs is more than half the height for thin-boned people - by 6 - 9 cm, for normal-boned ones - by 4-6 cm, for big-boned ones - by 2 - 4 cm. The length of the leg is measured from the tubercle femur, located opposite hip joint, to the floor. Lack of height can be visually easily corrected with the “right” clothes and heels.
Body weight also depends on age. Using the weight-height coefficient, you can calculate your ideal weight from a medical point of view. To do this, multiply the height in centimeters by the weight-height coefficient, which, according to nutritionists, corresponds to a certain age and type of build.
Weight-height coefficient g/cm
- Asthenic build type: age 15 – 18 years – 315, age 19-25 years – 325, age 26-40 years – 335
- Normostenic build type: age 15 – 18 years – 325, age 19-25 years – 345, age 26-40 years – 360
- Hypersthenic build type: age 15 – 18 years – 355, age 19-25 years – 370, age 26-40 years – 380
Among the various methods for determining ideal weight, the method of calculating the body mass index is very popular - BMI = MT/P, where BMI is the body mass index; MT - body weight, kg; R – height, m.
- For example, for a person with a body weight of 90 kg and a height of 170 cm, BMI = 90/1.7 = 31. A BMI ranging from 18.5 to 24.9 is considered normal, from 25.0 to 29.9 is considered excessive. For first degree obesity, BMI is from 28 to 30.9; second degree – 31 – 35.9, third degree – 36 – 40.9. If the BMI reaches 41, this is already very serious obesity of the fourth degree.
- The ideal weight formula according to P. Brock - subtract 100 from the figure indicating height in centimeters and the resulting value is considered normal weight in kg. For example, with a height of 160 cm, ideal body weight = 60 kg. Currently, the weight obtained according to Broca is considered a criterion of normal body weight.
Broca-Brookst formula for ideal weight. The weight obtained according to Broca-Brukst is considered a criterion for ideal body weight.
- For men: M = P - 100 - (P-100):20
- Women's D: M = P -100 – (P-100): 10
Where M is ideal body weight, kg; P – height, cm.
- For example, for a man 180 cm tall, the normal weight is 80 kg, and the ideal weight is calculated by the formula: M = 180 -100 - (180 -100) : 20 = 76 kg, i.e. from the first result (180 – 100 = 80) subtract the second result (180 -100 = 80: 20 = 4) you get 80 - 4 = 76
For a woman 160 cm tall: M = 160 – 100 – (160 – 100) : 10 = 54 kg, i.e. 60 – 6 = 54
Ideal weight according to Potton's formula
- We subtract one hundred from the height, and subtract 10% from the result = the result is ideal weight according to Potton’s formula
Ideal weight according to Lorenz formula
The Lorentz formula is considered imperfect, since it does not take into account some human characteristics. The formula is as follows: height minus one hundred, then height minus 150 and divide by two. Then the first result minus the second is the ideal weight according to the Lorentz formula.
Ideal weight according to Bongard's formula
Multiply height by chest volume and divide by 240. The result obtained is the ideal weight according to the Bongard formula.
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The physical development of a person is understood as a complex of functional and morphological properties of the body, which determines its physical capacity. This complex concept includes factors such as health, physical development, body weight, level of aerobic and anaerobic power, strength, muscular endurance, coordination of movements, motivation, etc.
The physical development of a person is influenced by heredity, environment, socio-economic factors, working and living conditions, nutrition, physical activity, and sports.
It is known that health is determined not only by the presence or absence of diseases, but also harmonious development, normal level of basic functional indicators. Therefore, one of the main directions in the work of promoting health through physical education is medical observation of the influence of physical education and sports on a person’s physical condition.
According to the program developed International Committee according to the standardization of physical readiness tests, the determination of performance should take place in four areas:
1) medical examination;
2) determination of physiological reactions different systems body on physical activity;
3) determination of physique and body composition in correlation with physical performance;
4) determination of the ability to perform physical activity and movements in a set of exercises, the implementation of which depends on different body systems.
The main methods for studying the physical development of a person are external examination (somatoscopy) and measurements - anthropometry (somatometry).
External examination (somatoscopy)
When studying the physical development of a person, along with data obtained by instrumental methods, descriptive indicators are also taken into account.
The examination begins with an assessment of the skin, then the shape of the chest, abdomen, legs, degree of muscle development, fat deposits, condition of the musculoskeletal system and other parameters (indicators).
Leather described as smooth, clean, moist, dry, elastic, flabby, acne-like, pale, hyperemic, etc.
Condition of the musculoskeletal system (MSA) assessed by overall impression: massiveness, shoulder width, posture, etc.
Spine- performs the main support function (see fig. ). It is examined in the sagittal and frontal planes, the shape of the line formed by the spinous processes of the vertebrae is determined, attention is paid to the symmetry of the shoulder blades and the level of the shoulders, the state of the waist triangle formed by the waist line and the lowered arm (see Fig. ).
Human skeleton (a - front view; b - rear view)
Signs of normal posture (a); determination of spinal curvature (b).
Types of scoliosis: 1 - right-sided; 2 - left-handed; 3 - S-shaped
A normal spine has physiological curves in the sagittal plane; the frontal view is a straight line. In pathological conditions of the spine, curvatures are possible both in the anteroposterior direction (kyphosis, lordosis) and lateral (scoliosis).
To determine the lateral curvature of the spine, a Billy-Kirchhofer scoliosisometer is used (see Fig. Lordosobrachial-liozometer).
Lordosobrachial-liozometer
Lordosobrachial-liozometer (a). Determination of lateral curvatures of the spine using the Billy-Kirchhofer device (b), lordobrachial coliozometer P.I. Belousova (c); d - diagram for measuring the depth of the cervical (a) and lumbar (b) curve
A flat back is characterized by smoothness of all physiological curves of the spine.
A rounded back (stooping) is a form of thoracic kyphosis.
With a round-concave back, thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis are simultaneously increased.
With plano-concave, only the lumbar lordosis is increased.
Posture- the usual pose of a casually standing person. It depends on the shape of the spine, the uniformity of development and tone of the torso muscles. There are correct posture, stooped, kyphotic, lordotic and straightened (see Fig. ). To determine posture, visual observations are made of the position of the shoulder blades, shoulder level, and head position. In addition, they include instrumental studies (determining the depth of the cervical and lumbar curves and the length of the spine).
Types of posture: a - normal; b - stooped; c - lordotic; g - kyphotic; d - straightened (flat)
Normal posture is characterized by five signs (see Fig. ):
1 - location of the spinous processes of the vertebrae along the plumb line, lowered from the tubercle occipital bone and passing along the intergluteal fold;
2 - placement of the shoulders at the same level;
3 - arrangement of both blades at the same level;
4 - equal triangles (right and left), formed by the torso and freely lowered arms;
5 - regular curves of the spine in the sagittal plane (depth up to 5 cm in lumbar region and up to 2 cm - in the cervical region).
Normal posture (a), scoliosis (b)
With a number of diseases (scoliosis, kyphosis, etc.), a change in posture occurs (see Fig. ). Often, participation in the corresponding sport, early specialization (gymnastics, barbell, etc.) lead to dysfunction of the spine and muscle imbalance, which negatively affects the function of internal organs and the performance of a person in general.
When determining the shape of the legs, the examinee puts his heels together and stands straight. Normally, the legs touch at the knee joints; with an O-shape, the knee joints do not touch; with an X-shape, one knee joint overlaps the other (see Fig. ).
Leg shape: 1 - normal (the axis of the lower limb is normal); 2 - O-shaped deformity of the lower limb (varus); 3 - X-shaped (deformation of the lower limb (valgus)
Foot- organ of support and movement. There are normal, flattened and flat feet (see Fig. ). When examining the foot's supporting surface, pay attention to the width of the isthmus connecting the heel area to the forefoot. In addition, pay attention to the vertical axes of the Achilles tendon and heel under load.
The appearance of the feet and the imprints of their soles are normal (a) and with flat feet (b). Schematic representation of the bones of the foot normally (a) and with longitudinal flatfoot (b). Determination of the shape of the foot (c): a - width of the isthmus; a + b - foot width
In addition to the examination, you can obtain foot prints (plantography). The degree of flattening of the foot is calculated using the Strieter method (see Fig. ).
Examination of the chest is needed to determine its shape, symmetry in breathing of both halves of the chest and the type of breathing.
The shape of the chest, according to constitutional types, is of three types: normosthenic, asthenic and hypersthenic. More often the chest is of mixed shape.
The normosthenic shape of the chest is characterized by the proportionality of the relationship between its anteroposterior and transverse dimensions; the supra- and subclavian spaces are moderately pronounced. The shoulder blades fit tightly to the chest, the intercostal spaces are not clearly defined. The epigastric angle approaches a straight line and is approximately 90°.
Asthenic chest shape- quite flat, because the anterior-posterior size is reduced in relation to the transverse one. The supra- and subclavian spaces are sunken, the shoulder blades are spaced from the chest. The edge of the X rib is free and easily identified by palpation. The epigastric angle is acute - less than 90°.
Hypersthenic chest shape. Its anteroposterior diameter is more normosthenic, and therefore the transverse section is closer to a circle. The intercostal spaces are narrow, the supra- and subclavian spaces are poorly defined. The epigastric angle is obtuse - more than 90°.
Pathological forms of the chest develop under the influence of painful processes in the organs of the chest cavity or due to skeletal deformation. In athletes, funnel chest, rachitic, scaphoid, etc. are often found.
The shape of the chest can also be affected different kinds curvature of the spine. Thus, kyphotic curvature of the spine is often combined with simultaneous scoliosis and is called kyphoscoliosis, and the chest is kyphoscoliotic.
When examining the chest, it is also necessary to pay attention to the type of breathing, its frequency, depth and rhythm. The following types of breathing are distinguished: chest, abdominal and mixed. If breathing movements are performed mainly due to contraction of the intercostal muscles, then they speak of the thoracic, or costal, type of breathing. It is characteristic mainly of women. Abdominal type breathing is typical for men. Mixed type, in which breathing involves lower sections chest and top part abdomen, typical for athletes.
Muscle development characterized by the number muscle tissue, its elasticity, relief, etc. The development of muscles is additionally judged by the position of the shoulder blades, the shape of the abdomen, etc. The development of muscles largely determines the strength, endurance of a person and the type of sport in which he engages.
Degree of sexual development- an important part of the characteristics of the physical development of schoolchildren and is determined by a set of secondary sexual characteristics: pubic and axillary hairiness, in addition, in girls - by development mammary gland and the time of the appearance of menstruation, in young men - by the development of facial hair, Adam’s apple and voice mutation.
Body type determined by size, shape, proportion (the ratio of one body size to another) and the peculiarities of the relative arrangement of body parts. Body type is influenced by the type of sport, nutrition, environment (climatic conditions) and other factors. Constitution is the characteristics of a person’s physique. M.V. Chernorutsky identifies three types of constitution (see Fig. ): hypersthenic, asthenic and normosthenic. The author takes into account both morphological and functional features individual.
Body types: a - asthenic; b - normosthenic; c - hypersthenic (M.V. Chernorutsky, 1938)
With a hypersthenic body type, the transverse dimensions of the body predominate, the head is round in shape, the face is wide, the neck is short and thick, the chest is wide and short, the stomach is large, the limbs are short and thick, and the skin is dense.
The asthenic body type is characterized by a predominance of longitudinal body dimensions. Asthenics have a narrow face, long and thin neck, long and flat chest, small belly, thin limbs, underdeveloped muscles, thin pale skin.
Normosthenic body type is characterized by a proportional physique.
A relationship has been noted between a person’s constitutional type and his susceptibility to certain diseases. Thus, asthenics are more likely to have tuberculosis and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, while hypersthenics are more likely to have metabolic disease, liver disease, hypertension, etc.
Conrad (1963), based on morphological characteristics, distinguishes the following body types among athletes: leptomorph, ateltomorph, pycnomorph, metromorph (depending on the degree of manifestation of dolicho- and brachymorphism).
It should be noted that clearly defined body types among athletes are rare. More often there are various combined forms with a predominance of signs of one or another body type. However, there are characteristic body types for individual species sports. Thus, basketball players are tall, weightlifters, throwers are massive, short people predominate in artistic gymnastics, etc.
Anthropometry (somatometry)
The level of physical development is determined by a set of methods based on measurements of morphological and functional characteristics. There are basic and additional anthropometric indicators. The first ones include height, body weight, chest circumference (at maximum inhalation, pause and maximum exhalation), hand strength and back strength(back muscle strength). In addition, the main indicators of physical development include determining the ratio of “active” and “passive” body tissues (lean mass, total amount of fat) and other indicators of body composition. Additional anthropometric indicators include sitting height, neck circumference, abdominal size, waist, thigh and lower leg, shoulder, sagittal and frontal diameters of the chest, arm length, etc. Thus, anthropometry includes determining lengths, diameters, circumferences, etc.
Height standing and sitting measured by a stadiometer (see Fig. ). When measuring height while standing, the patient stands with his back to a vertical stand, touching it with his heels, buttocks and interscapular area. The tablet is lowered until it touches the head.
When measuring height while sitting, the patient sits on a bench, touching vertical stand buttocks and interscapular area.
Measuring height in a sitting position when compared with other longitudinal dimensions gives an idea of the proportions of the body. Using an anthropometer, the length of individual parts of the body is determined: the upper and lower limbs, the length of the torso. Anatomical points on the human body accepted in anthropology help to carry out these measurements (see Fig. ). To determine any longitudinal size, you need to know the location of the upper and lower anthropometric points limiting given size. The difference between their heights is the desired value.
Body length can change significantly under the influence of physical activity. So, in basketball, volleyball, high jump, etc. body growth in length accelerates, while when doing weightlifting, gymnastics, acrobatics - slows down. Therefore, height is a guideline when selecting for a particular sport. Knowing the length of the body standing and sitting, you can find body proportionality coefficient (KP).
KP = ((L 1 - L 2) / 2) x 100
where: L 1 - standing body length, L 2 - sitting body length.
Normally, KP = 87-92%; in women it is slightly lower than in men.
Body mass determined by weighing on a medical lever scale. Body weight sums up the level of development of the musculoskeletal system, subcutaneous fat layer and internal organs.
The circumferences of the head, chest, shoulder, thigh, and leg are measured with a centimeter tape (see Fig. ).
Measuring head circumference (a); shoulder (b); chest (c); shins (d), thighs (d)
Arm muscle strength characterizes the degree of muscle development and is measured with a hand-held dynamometer (in kg). Take 2-3 measurements and record the highest value. The indicator depends on the age, gender and type of sport in which the subject is engaged.
Deadlift strength measures the strength of the extensor muscles of the back and is measured with a deadlift dynamometer. Contraindications for measuring back strength: hernias (inguinal and umbilical, Schmorl's hernia, etc., menstruation, pregnancy, hypertension, myopia (-5 or more), etc.
To measure diameters, thick compasses (large and small) are used. The scale is counted while the compass is fixed in the set position.
Research on the physical development of people involved in physical education and sports has the following objectives:
Assessment of the impact on the body of systematic physical education and sports;
Selection of children and teenagers for participating in one or another sport;
Control over the formation of certain characteristics of physical development in athletes on their way from beginner to master of sports.
To date, a large number of schemes, scales, types, classifications have been developed (V.V. Bunak, M.V. Chernorutsky, V.P. Chtetsov, etc.) to define and characterize general sizes, body proportions, constitution and other somatic characteristics of a person.
In recent years, evaluation indices have appeared, derived by comparing various anthropometric characteristics. Since such assessments do not have an anatomical and physiological basis, they are used only during mass surveys of the population, for selection into sections, etc.
Evaluation indices
Broca-Brugsch index:
height - 100 with a height of 155-165 cm,
height - 105, with height 166-175 cm,
height - 110 with height 175 and above.
Life index = fluid (ml) / weight (kg)
The average value for men is 65-70 ml/kg, for women - 55-60 ml/kg, for athletes - 75-80 ml/kg, for athletes - 65-70 ml/kg.
The difference index is determined by subtracting the length of the legs from the sitting height. The average for men is 9-10 cm, for women - 11-12 cm. The lower the index, the, therefore, longer length legs, and vice versa.
Quetelet weight-height index:
weight (g) / height (cm)
The average is 370-400 g per 1 cm of height in men, 325-375 in women. For boys 15 years old - 325 g per 1 cm, for girls of the same age - 318 g per 1 cm of height.
Skelia index according to Manuvrie, characterizes the length of the legs.
IS = (leg length / sitting height) x 100
A value up to 84.9 indicates short legs, 85-89 - medium, 90 and above - long.
Body weight (weight) for adults is calculated using the Bernhard formula:
Weight = (height x chest volume) / 240
The formula makes it possible to take into account body features.
If the calculation is made using Brock's formula, then after the calculations about 8% should be subtracted from the result: growth - 100 - 8%.
The weight-height indicator is determined by dividing the weight in grams by the height in centimeters:
Vital sign = VC (ml) / per body weight (kg)
The higher the indicator, the better developed the respiratory function of the chest.
W. Stern (1980) proposed a method for determining body fat in athletes.
Body fat percentage = [(body weight - lean body mass) / body weight] x 100
Lean body mass = 98,42 +
According to the Lorentz formula, ideal body weight(M) is:
M = P - (100 - [(P - 150) / 4])
where: P - human height.
Chest proportionality index(Erisman index):
chest girth at pause (cm) - (height (cm) / 2) = +5.8 cm for men and +3.3 cm for women.
The resulting difference, if it is equal to or higher than the above figures, indicates good development chest. A difference below, or with a negative value, indicates a narrow chest.
There is a certain relationship between body weight and muscle strength. Typically, the greater the muscle mass, the greater the strength:
[hand strength (kg) / body weight (kg)] x 100
Arm dynamometry on average it accounts for 65-80% of body weight in men and 48-50% in women.
The body strength index (according to Pignet) expresses the difference between standing height and the sum of body weight and chest circumference:
X = P - (B+O)
where: X - index, P - height (cm), B - body weight (kg), O - chest circumference in the exhalation phase (cm). The smaller the difference, the better indicator(in the absence of obesity).
A difference of less than 10 is assessed as a strong physique, from 10 to 20 - good, from 21 to 25 - average, from 25 to 35 - weak, more than 36 - very weak.
Indicator of proportionality of physical development = (standing height - sitting height / sitting height) x 100
The value of the indicator allows us to judge the relative length of the legs: less than 87% - short length in relation to the length of the body, 87-92% - proportional physical development, more than 92% - relatively long length of the legs.
Indicator of the development of back muscle strength = [backbone dynamometry (kg) / weight (kg)] x 100
Low back strength - less than 175% of your weight, below average strength - from 175 to 190%, average strength - from 190 to 210%, above average strength - from 210 to 225%, high strength - over 225% of your weight.
Measuring the skin-fat fold
Measuring the skin-fat fold is of significant importance when selecting for gymnastics, ballet, etc. It is convenient and quite objective to determine the thickness of the skin-fat folds with a caliper.
The thickness of the skin-fat fold depends on age, gender, body type, professional activity, sports, nutrition, etc.
The measurement is taken on the right side of the body. The skin fold is tightly squeezed with the thumb and forefinger or three fingers so that it contains the skin and subcutaneous fat layer. The fingers are placed approximately 1 cm above the measurement site. The caliper legs are applied so that the distance from the fold comb to the measurement point is approximately equal to the thickness of the fold itself.
1) under the lower angle of the scapula, the fold is measured in an oblique direction (from top to bottom, from inside to outside);
2) on back surface The shoulder fold is measured with the arm lowered in the upper third of the shoulder (the area of the triceps muscle, closer to its inner edge) - the fold is taken vertically;
3) on the front surface of the shoulder, the fold is measured in the upper third inner surface shoulder (area of the biceps muscle, the fold is taken vertically);
4) on the anterior internal surface in the widest place - the fold is taken vertically;
5) on the front surface of the chest, the fold is measured under pectoral muscle along the anterior axillary line - the fold is taken in an oblique direction (from top to bottom, from outside to inside);
6) on the front wall of the abdomen, the fold is measured at the level of the navel on the right at a distance of 5 cm - taken vertically;
7) the fold on the thigh is measured in a sitting position, legs bent knee joints at a right angle - the fold is measured in the upper part of the thigh on the anterolateral surface parallel to the course of the inguinal fold, slightly below it;
8) on the lower leg the fold is measured in the same starting position, as on the thigh - is taken almost vertically on the posterolateral surface of the upper part of the right shin at the level of the popliteal fossa;
9) on the dorsum of the hand, the fold is measured at the level of the head of the third finger. The thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer is determined as 1/2 of the average value of all measurements.
To calculate body density using the regression equation derived by Paskall et al. (1956), it is recommended to proceed from the thickness of the subcutaneous fat fold, measured in three places: 1) along the midaxillary line at the level of the xiphoid process of the sternum (T.-thorax); 2) on the chest in the middle of the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple (M.-mammalia); 3) on the back surface of the shoulder (A.-arm).
Determination of density and composition of body mass
Body density (D) can be calculated using the Pascall formula and corresponds to:
D = 1.088468 - 0.007123T - 0.004834M - 0.005513A
where: T, M, A - the thickness of the indicated fat folds in centimeters.
Body weight composition depends on physical activity human and nutrition. To correctly assess changes in body mass composition, you need to know the composition of tissues. Active body mass includes cellular water (liquid), all proteins and all mineral salts in cells and in extracellular fluid (that is, outside the skeleton). Low-active body mass includes body fat, bone mineral salts and extracellular water.
To identify the composition of body mass, total and subcutaneous fat content, muscle and skeletal mass are usually determined in absolute and relative values. Measuring the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer allows you to accurately determine these indicators by calculation.
Reliable enough absolute fat content is determined by the formula of Matiegka (1921):
D = d x S x k,
where: D - total amount of fat (kg), d - average layer thickness subcutaneous fat together with the skin (mm), S - body surface (cm 2) (see Fig. ), k is a constant equal to 0.13, obtained experimentally on anatomical material. Average subcutaneous fat thickness together with the skin is calculated as follows:
d = (d 1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 + d 5 + d 6 + d 7 + d 8) / 16
where: d 1 ...d 8 - thickness of skin fat folds (mm) on the front shoulder (d 1), on the back shoulder (d 2), on the forearm (d 3), on the back (d 4), on the stomach ( d 5), on the thigh (d 6), on the lower leg (d 7), on the chest (d 8).
Nomogram for determining body surface by height and body weight (according to Du Bois, Boothby, Sandyford)
To determine d in women, 7 folds are used; d 8 is not measured. Accordingly, in the denominator of the formula, the number 16 is replaced by 14.
This method of determining total fat can be used in people of different genders aged 16 years and older.
Relative fat content as a percentage of body weight determined by the formula:
fat percentage = (L x 100) / W
where: D - total fat (kg), W - body weight (kg). To determine the percentage of fat, it is convenient to use the tables proposed by Pazziskova (1961).
For determining subcutaneous fat mass Usually the Matiegka formula is used:
D = 0.9 x S x d 1
where: D - subcutaneous fat (kg), S - absolute body surface (cm 2), d 1 - average thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer without skin (mm).
d1 = (8 skin folds / 16) - (skin fold on the dorsum of the hand / 2)
0.9 is a constant for the specific gravity of fat.
Determination of absolute muscle mass
For determining absolute muscle mass use the formula of Matiegka (1921):
M = L x r 2 x k
where: M - absolute mass of muscle tissue (kg), L - body length (cm), r - average value of the radius of the shoulder (a), forearm (b), thigh (c) and lower leg (d) without subcutaneous fat and skin ( cm); k is a constant equal to 6.5.
The radii of the extremity segments (r) are calculated from the results of measuring the corresponding girths with the deduction of the average thickness of subcutaneous fat:
(sum of girths a, b, c, d / 25.12) - (sum of thickness of fat folds (a) front, (b, c, d) back / 100)
For determining lean body mass (LBM) use the formulas:
LBM for men = 0.676L - 56.6 ± 6.7 kg
LBM for women = 0.328W + 21.7 ± 4.2 kg
where: L - body length (cm), W - body weight (kg).
Muscle strength
Muscle strength determined by the maximum manifestation of effort that a muscle group can develop under certain conditions. Usually a whole group of muscles contracts simultaneously, so it is difficult to accurately determine the work of each individual muscle in the total manifestation of force. In addition, bone levers are involved in muscle action.
There are three types of muscle contraction: isometric, concentric (myometric) and eccentric (ileometric). A muscle contraction in which it develops tension but does not change its length is called isometric. This reduction appears as static force. A measure of concentric strength is the maximum resistance that muscles are able to overcome along the path of a corresponding movement. This type of force is referred to as dynamic. Eccentric force occurs when there is resistance to an external force under the influence of which the muscles stretch, that is, their length increases. For most types muscle work characterized by an auxotonic mode, which combines contraction and tension.
Determining dynamic strength is very difficult, so it is usually limited to measuring static (isometric) muscle strength and endurance.
Men reach maximum isometric strength around the age of 30, and then strength decreases. This process goes faster in large muscles lower limbs and torso. Arm strength lasts longer. In the table " Average values of isometric strength of some muscle groups "Indicators of the strength of various muscle groups obtained during an examination of about 600 people are given (the average height of men is 171 cm, women - 167 cm).
Average values of isometric strength of some muscle groups
depending on age (according to E. Asmussen, 1968)
| Indicator (kg) | Age, years | |||||||||
| 20 | 25 | 35 | 45 | 55 | ||||||
| husband. | wives | husband. | wives | husband. | wives | husband. | wives | husband. | wives | |
Hand strength (±16%)* |
55,9 | 37,5 | 59,9 | 38,5 | 58,8 | 38,0 | 55,6 | 35,6 | 51,6 | 32,7 |
Trunk extensor strength (±16%) |
81,6 | 56,6 | 87,4 | 58,3 | 90,7 | 59,2 | 89,8 | 57,7 | 85,7 | 49,1 |
Torso flexor strength (±17%) |
60,6 | 40,9 | 64,2 | 42,2 | 66,7 | 42,4 | 66,0 | 41,5 | 63,0 | 33,6 |
Seated leg extensor strength (±18.5%) |
295 | 214 | 310 | 225 | 312 | 212 | 296 | 197 | 263 | 162 |
* Coefficient of variation
Dynamic strength can be measured, for example, by lifting weights. Strength of identical muscle groups different people not the same. Strength indicators in adult women are 30-35% lower compared to men.
Force is measured by dynamometers of various designs.
To determine hand strength, a Collen dynamometer is usually used. The strength of the trunk extensors is measured using a backbone dynamometer. For a more complete picture of muscular system shoulder muscle strength should be additionally measured and shoulder girdle, hip and leg extensors, as well as trunk flexors. For this purpose, universal dynamometers are used (see Fig. ).
Force measurement setup
As a result of training, muscle strength increases significantly, but decreases with fatigue (especially chronic), various diseases musculoskeletal system, while visiting a sauna (bath), when taking hyperthermic baths, etc.
Measuring flexibility and mobility
Measuring flexibility (mobility) of the spinal column.
Flexibility is the ability to perform movements over a wide range of amplitudes. The measure of flexibility is the maximum range of motion. There are active and passive flexibility. Active is performed by the subject himself, passive - under the influence of external force (in patients - with the help of a physical therapy methodologist, in sports - with a trainer). Flexibility depends on the condition of the joints, elasticity (extensibility) of ligaments, muscles, age, ambient temperature, biorhythms, time of day, etc.
From a practical point of view, the flexibility of the spine is of greatest importance, which is determined by measuring the range of motion at maximum flexion, extension, side bending and rotation of the body around the longitudinal axis of the body. Typically, flexibility is determined by a person's ability to lean forward while standing on a simple device (see Fig. ). A moving bar marked in centimeters from zero (at the level of the surface of the bench) shows the level of flexibility.
Mobility in the joints It is generally accepted to consider the movement of bones articulated in a joint relative to each other. Its degree depends on the shape of the articular surfaces and the elasticity of the muscular-ligamentous apparatus. Mobility in the joints is detected during passive and active movements. Passive movements are carried out under the influence of strangers, active ones - by the person himself. The amount of mobility in the joints is influenced by age, gender, type of sport, as well as muscle hypertonicity, joint diseases, etc.
When measuring joint mobility, a branch goniometer is used, consisting of a movable jaw and a gravitational goniometer (in degrees). Mobility in the joint is determined in the state of flexion and extension. In some sports (gymnastics, acrobatics), passive movements are used to increase joint mobility (athletes work in pairs or with the help of a trainer), which often leads to injuries and diseases of the joints (arthrosis of the joints occurs in subsequent years). The joints have a physiological norm of mobility (see Fig. Range of motion in joints), and its forced increase is unsafe for health.
Range of motion in joints
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Range of motion in the joints: a - upper limbs; b - lower limbs
Posture anatomically characterized by the shape of the spine, chest, relative position of the belt upper limbs, arms, torso, pelvis and lower extremities. In formation correct posture the main role is played by physical education, nutrition, living conditions, as well as climatic and national factors.
Good posture creates optimal conditions for the functioning of internal organs, improves performance and, of course, has great aesthetic significance.
Characteristics of the types of posture can be given based on the results of goniometry of the spinal column (see Fig. Lordosobrachial-liozometer at the beginning of the article) and visually.
Strength indices are obtained by dividing the strength indicators by the weight and are expressed as a percentage (%). The average values of hand strength for men are considered to be 70-75% of weight, for women - 50-60%; for dead strength in men - 200-220%, in women - 135-150%. For athletes, respectively - 75-81% and 260-300%; for female athletes - 60-70% and 150-200%.
Difference index determined by subtracting the length of the legs from the sitting height. The average for men is 9-10 cm, for women - 11-12 cm. The lower the index, the greater the length of the legs, and vice versa.
When using some other indices, average values require constant adjustment, taking into account training, age and gender. And the conclusion is made only based on a comprehensive examination (ECG, biochemistry, anthropometry, etc.).
Strength and Endurance
Strength and Endurance- qualities that largely determine the morphofunctional state of an athlete. The question of muscle strength and endurance is of great importance. Underdevelopment muscle strength and endurance limits the athlete’s locomotor capabilities.
To study the strength of various muscles and performance, many devices (dynamometers, dynamographs, ergographs, etc.) of different designs have been proposed.
The main method for determining muscle strength is dynamometry.
It is noted that the development of muscle strength occurs by the age of 25-35, after which its decline begins.
It has also been established that muscle strength fluctuates throughout the day and that the maximum manifestation of muscle strength is observed at an external temperature of +20°. Endurance is the ability to long-term implementation work. It develops, like other qualities (strength, speed, agility), through training ( exercise) and is essential for overcoming fatigue that occurs during work.
One of the important indicators of physical development is considered body surface area, which is determined by the formula of Issakson (1958) for individuals with the sum of weight and body length greater than 160 units:
S = / 100
where: S - body surface area (m2), W - body weight (g), H - body length (cm).
For short people with a sum of weight and body length less than 160 units, use Boyd's formula (Boyd, 1935):
S = 3.207 x H 0.3 x W 0.7285 - 0.0188logW
where: S - body area (cm 2), H - body length (cm), W - body weight in grams.
It is advisable to consider the surface area of a body not in absolute values, but in relative ones, in relation to the mass (weight) of the body (the amount of weight per unit surface. Physically strong people per unit surface area of the body is more weight than those of the physically weak (V.B. Bunak, 1940; P.N. Bashkirov, 1958, etc.).
Measuring muscle strength. To compare the individual strength values of individual muscle groups in people with different body types, it is recommended to calculate muscle strength relative to body weight.
Relative muscle strength calculated by the formula:
Frel. = Fabs. /W
where Frel. - relative strength (kg), Fabs. - absolute strength (kg), W - body weight (kg).
Strength and Mobility Tests and Assessments
Assessment of speed and strength indicators can be done with a set of simple exercises:
1. Jumping into a genie from a place (in cm).
2. Jumping onto a chair, pushing off the floor with both feet (number of times).
3. Bending and extension of the arms while resting on the floor (number of push-ups in 15 s).
4. Raising legs at right angles from hanging on straight arms on a gymnastic wall (number of times in 15 s).
5. Pull-ups on the bar (number of times in 10 s).
6. Raising the body at a right angle (the legs are fixed by a partner) from a supine position (number of times in 30 s).
7. Raising the body (bending) from a position lying on the stomach, arms along the body (number of times in 15 s).
As a result of assessing the indicators of each exercise, a complex speed-strength value is obtained.
Strength rating. For rate strength endurance The following exercises are recommended:
1. Squats (number of squats).
2. Jumping from a squat in height (number of jumps).
3. Pull-ups (number of times).
4. Push-ups (number of times).
5. From a lying position on your back, transition to a sitting position (number of times).
6. From hanging on a gymnastic wall, lifting straight legs at a right angle (number of times).
A linear relationship between the number of repetitions and muscle strength has been established.
Hoske's height and weight index calculated by the formula:
(body weight (kg) x 100) / (height (cm))
Tests to assess joint mobility (flexibility).
Mobility in joints (flexibility) is the ability to perform movements with a large range of vibrations (with large amplitude). Mobility in a joint (joints) is determined by the elasticity of its muscles, tendons, ligaments, age, gender, and hereditary factors. Mobility is measured using a Gamburtsev goniometer.
For selection in sections of gymnastics, acrobatics and other sports where flexibility plays an important role, test twine is used - longitudinal and transverse. A tripod is installed behind the subject's back, the bar of which is placed on the head. Measure the distance from the floor to the groin area (in cm).
U gymnastic wall the athlete grabs the bar with his hands at shoulder level and moves (raises) his leg back. Measure the distance from the floor to ankle joint(in cm). Another test bridge. The athlete, lying on his back, pulls his feet close to his buttocks, rests his hands at shoulder level and stretches upward. The distance between the palms and heels (in cm) and from the floor to the back (in cm) is measured.
Determination of water content in body weight
In the adult body, water makes up 60-70% of the total body weight. Moreover, the higher the fat component content, the lower the water content. And, conversely, the higher the percentage of active body mass, the higher the water content. The water content in different tissues is not the same. In connective and supporting tissues it is less than in the liver and spleen, where it is 70-80% (see table Human water metabolism).
Human water metabolism
Water enters the body in the form of liquid (48%) and as part of solid food (40%), the remaining 12% is formed during the metabolism of nutrients.
Because women have more fat in their body mass, they also have almost 10% less water than men. The body of a lean person contains up to 73% water, which is considered very constant. This water is usually divided into intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. Intracellular fluid makes up 40%, extracellular fluid - 20% of body weight. 15% of the extracellular fluid is lymph, synovial, cerebrospinal fluid and serous membrane fluid. The intravascular fluid accounts for 5% water. It contains plasma water and mobile water of erythrocytes, which interchanges with plasma water. When dehydrated (dehydrated), red blood cells lose some of their water, and when there is excess water in the plasma, they take some of it. With dehydration, blood thickens and microthrombi occur. Therefore, it is dangerous to limit yourself in fluid intake when visiting a sauna (bath), during training (especially during competitions) in a hot and humid climate.
Determination of fluid volumes in the body extremely important for an athlete. The measurement (determination) of the total mass of water is carried out using the radioisotope method (tritium, bromine 82 and other radioisotopes). The total water content can be determined using the formula of E. Osserman et al. (1950):
% total water = 100 x (4.340 - 3.983/d)
where: d is the specific gravity of the body.
E. Osserman et al. (1950) noted that the body of healthy men aged 18 to 46 years contains 71.8% water. E. Mellits A.D. Cheek (1970) proposed an equation to calculate the amount of water and fat in the body based on anthropometric data. They examined people aged 1 to 34 years and established a linear relationship between the water content (in l) in the body and body weight (in kg):
for men
for women
for men, whose height is more than 132.7 cm, total water content = -21.993+ 0.406 x (body weight) + 0.209 x (height);
if a person’s height is less than 132.7 cm, then the total water content in his body = -1.927 + 0.465 x (body weight) + 0.045 x (height).
for women, whose height is more than 110.8 cm, total water content = -10.313+ 0.252 x (body weight) + 0.154 x (height);
if height is less than 110.8 cm, total water content = 0.076 + 0.507 x (body weight) + 0.013 x (height).
Formulas for determining the water content in body weight are also presented on the website http://www.medcalc.com/tbw.html
Thus, studies measuring various anthropometric indicators in people involved in physical education and sports make it possible to monitor the growth and development of their physical performance. From a health point of view, assessing the condition of muscles and posture is of particular importance.
English
physical development– growth physical
anthropometry – anthropometry
evaluation indexes
muscle strength
Body mass index (English: body mass index (BMI), BMI) is a value that allows you to assess the degree of correspondence between a person’s weight and his height and thereby indirectly assess whether the weight is insufficient, normal or excessive. Important when determining indications for the need for treatment.
Body mass index is calculated using the formula:
M - body weight in kilograms
h - height in meters,
and is measured in kg/m².
For example, a person’s mass = 85 kg, height = 164 cm. Therefore, the body mass index in this case is equal to:
BMI = 85: (1.64x1.64) = 31.6
The body mass index indicator was developed by the Belgian sociologist and statistician Adolphe Quetelet in 1869.
After calculating your BMI, the calculator will give you Quetelet index values and recommendations.
Body mass index should be used with caution, as a guide only - for example, when trying to estimate body type professional athletes may give an incorrect result (the high index value in this case is explained by developed muscles). Therefore, for a more accurate assessment of the degree of fat accumulation, along with the body mass index, it is advisable to also determine indices of central obesity.
Taking into account the shortcomings of the method for determining body mass index, the body volume index was developed.
According to an Israeli study, the ideal body mass index for men is 25-27. The average life expectancy of men with this BMI was maximum.
In addition, a number of indices can be used to determine normal body weight:
Broca's index is used for heights of 155-170 cm. Normal body weight is equal to (height [cm] - 100) - 10 (15%).
Breitman index. Normal body weight is calculated using the formula - height [cm] 0.7 - 50 kg.
Bernhard index. Ideal body weight is calculated using the formula - height [cm] chest circumference [cm] / 240.
Davenport index. A person's mass [g] is divided by his height [cm] squared. An increase above 3.0 indicates the presence of obesity. (obviously, this is the same BMI, only divided by 10)
Oder index. Normal body weight is equal to the distance from the crown to the symphysis [cm] 2 - 100.
Noorden index. Normal weight equal to height [cm] 420/1000.
Tatonya index. Normal body weight = height-(100+(height-100)/20)
In clinical practice, the Broca's index is most often used to assess body weight.
In addition to height and weight indicators, the method for determining the thickness of the skin fold proposed by Korovin can be used. Using this method, the thickness of the skin fold in the epigastric region is determined (normally -1.1-1.5 cm). An increase in the thickness of the fold to 2 cm indicates the presence of obesity.
A well-developed chest is an indicator of good physical development. The chest circumference is measured at rest during inhalation and exhalation. The difference between inhalation and exhalation is called chest excursion.
Erisman index:
Ie = O gr.k. (cm) – 0.5 standing height (cm),
where O gr. class - chest circumference
More than 30 cm, well-developed chest
20 – 30 very well developed chest
10 – 20 well developed chest
0 – 10 poorly developed chest
With normal development, the chest circumference is more than half the height. A negative indicator indicates poor development of the chest.
Borngard index:
Height (cm) x chest circumference (cm): 240
Measure the chest circumference as you inhale, then as you exhale. The average value is multiplied by height, the result divided by 240 - this is the ideal weight, and the permissible plus or minus 10%.
Determination of the index (Waist to Hip Rait) – waist-hip.
This index allows you to recognize an increase in abdominal fat mass. The index is determined as follows: measure the waist circumference above the navel, without drawing in the stomach, and then the hip circumference at the widest part, and divide the waist circumference and hip circumference.
Etc. = From/About,
where From – waist circumference (cm)
About – hip circumference (cm)
A value of less than 0.9 is normal for men and less than 0.8 for women.
Determination of body strength indicator
The body strength index expresses the difference between body length and the sum of body weight and chest circumference at exhalation and is calculated by the formula:
And cr.t. = height (cm) - weight (kg) - chest circumference at exhalation (cm)
In adults, the resulting value is estimated as:
10 – strong physique
from 10 to 20 – good
from 21 to 25 – average
from 26 to 35 – weak
more than 35 – very weak
Assessment by a single index can be misleading due to the individual development of each person, therefore, when determining physical development, it is more correct to evaluate indicators simultaneously on several indices.
Functional tests are various dosed loads and other disturbing actions that allow you to assess the functional state of the body. The use of tests and samples makes it possible to determine both the state of individual functional systems and the complex functional state of the body.
There are tests and samples to determine the functionality of the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, neuromuscular system, musculoskeletal system, and various analyzers.
A reliable indicator of the functional state of the body is predominantly the reaction of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to physical activity.
Heart rate (HR) is an important indicator of the activity of the cardiovascular system. It is recommended to monitor your pulse daily at the same time: in the morning - after waking up in a lying position, in the evening - before going to bed in a sitting position.
The cardiovascular system is very sensitive to various influences. For example, after eating, in a state of excitement, stress, after smoking, or drinking alcoholic beverages, the pulse increases unreasonably. Therefore, measurements should be taken no earlier than 1.5 hours after eating and smoking. Average heart rate values at rest are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Heart rate in beginning and advanced athletes
Analysis of heart rate dynamics over a certain period allows you to determine the state of the cardiovascular system. The most informative and common are the one-time test, the orthostatic test, and the Cooper test.
One-time test. Before performing the test, rest while standing, without moving for 3 minutes, heart rate is measured for 1 minute. Then 20 is executed deep squats(feet shoulder-width apart, arms down, squatting, arms forward, standing up, arms down) in 30 seconds. After squats without a pause, while standing, count your heart rate for 1 minute.
When assessing, the magnitude of the increase in heart rate after exercise is determined as a percentage:
up to 20% very good
21 – 40% good
41 – 65% satisfactory
66 – 75% bad
76 or more very bad
Orthostatic test gives important information about the state of the regulatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system, about its ability to effectively respond to physical activity, and also reflects the degree of physical fitness of the body.
To carry out the test, you need to rest for 5 minutes lying on your back, then count your heart rate while lying down for 1 minute, then stand up and rest while standing for 1 minute, then count your heart rate while standing for 1 minute. Heart rate in a standing position is higher than in a lying position:
A difference from 0 to 12 beats means a good state of physical fitness;
From 13 to 18 beats is satisfactory;
From 19 to 25 strokes is unsatisfactory;
More than 25 beats may indicate fatigue or illness.
