A brief overview of the main health systems. Modern and traditional systems of physical exercises as a means of health-improving orientation of students in Yoga as a traditional system of physical exercises
The substitution of the concepts “Yoga” and “Asana”, or more precisely, the actual monopolization of yoga by the practice of asanas that is happening in our time, is not nearly as harmless as it might seem at first glance. This substitution misleads hundreds of thousands of people around the world who have just felt an impulse, perhaps not yet fully realized, to an internal search for themselves and turned to spiritual knowledge. But as a result, these people receive “initiation” from so-called “teachers” of various styles of what they present as “yoga” and which in essence is a set gymnastic exercises, flavored with occult terminology.
In essence, such teachers preach a LIE, since the very thesis underlying the activities of such “yoga schools”, “yoga centers”, “yoga classes”, etc. is distorted. This is a false thesis that “Yoga” is physical system with a powerful spiritual component, which can ultimately lead to a person’s self-realization. As a result, there is not just a substitution of concepts and a shift in emphasis, but an emasculation of the original Yoga, an inherently deep philosophical and spiritual teaching. As a result, some so-called “teachers”, in pursuit of profit, actually bring Yoga to the level of a “program” physical exercise on DVD."
You can often hear how some followers of Yoga, including those who have received various certificates of mastery from various schools, declare “I only practice Hatha yoga, I am not interested in deep meditation. I want to achieve perfection through Hatha Yoga." However, Hatha yoga is just a method of bringing the body to balance, creating conditions for the further evolution of consciousness. Without this goal, Hatha yoga classes are meaningless, because the body is only a tool of practice, and not the end of practice in itself.
The famous teacher of modern India, Swami Rama, explained in his lectures:
“These days, the term “Yoga” has become synonymous with a passing fad or mere fad. Many incompetent teachers have made Yoga an object of commercial exploitation and one small aspect of Yoga is passed off as the whole of Yoga. For example, many people in the West believe that Yoga is a cult of the body and beauty.
Others classify Yoga as a religious cult. Both opinions distort the true meaning of Yoga.”
Swami Rama further makes a comparison: “If you are going to the Himalayas, you can go by car or fly by plane. Every day, millions of people drive cars and fly on planes. But this does not mean that everyone who travels by car and plane will end up in the Himalayas if the purpose of their trip is not the Himalayas.” Hatha yoga, as well as the religious aspect of yoga, is just, relatively speaking, “ vehicles”, which help to achieve the ultimate goal of Yoga. But they will lead to nowhere if practiced on their own.
Here is a typical example of a substitution of concepts. The website ashtanga.com describes Ashtanga Yoga as “a system of yoga transmitted modern world Sri K. Pattabhi Jois (1915-2009). This method of yoga involves synchronizing the breath with a progressive series of physical positions - a process that produces intense internal heat and a deep, cleansing sweat that removes toxins from the body. The result is improved circulation, a lighter and stronger body, and a calmer mind."
At the same time, as Swami Sivananda Saraswati writes: “In the traditional concept of Yoga, systematized by Patanjali, Ashtanga Yoga meant an eight-step system of practice through which freedom was achieved.” Moreover, this system includes not only postures and breathing, but also deep meditative practices, which occupy a predominant place in it."
The substitution of the concepts of Yoga makes many people conclude that doing something that is included in Yoga for the purpose of healing, relieving stress, etc. - is a Yoga activity. This is not true. This is a misconception, since the practice of anything that does not correspond to the purpose of Yoga in the self-realization of the highest levels of human essence cannot be Yoga.
As stated in the classic treatise “Hatha Yoga Pradipika” - sloka 4.79 - “The practice of Hatha Yoga without the implementation of Raja Yoga is fruitless. There are Hatha Yoga practitioners who have no knowledge of Raja Yoga. I consider them to be mere practitioners because they do not reap the fruits of their efforts.”
Do Hatha Yoga exercises bring health benefits even in isolation from holistic Yoga? Yes, of course, if done correctly they bring benefits. But just doing them does not make a person a yogi or even a student on the path of Yoga.
“Yoga is a method of medical treatment” is a false statement.
“Yoga is a method of physical therapy” is a false statement.
The purpose and essence of Yoga is not to make the body healthy. The only purpose of Yoga is spiritual in nature. The implementation of Yoga takes a person beyond the limits of the physical body with its illnesses and inevitable death.
The commercialization of yoga has led to the fact that a person, having completed a course for money in so-called schools (centers, studios, courses, “ashrams”, etc.) of yoga, can himself become a certified teacher (instructor, “guru”, etc. .) yoga without reading a single line from the classical Yoga Sutras. And then many of these “teachers” feel competent enough to create their own directions and schools of yoga. It is characteristic that very often the name of such a school contains the first or last name of its founder, who is still in good health. In addition, very often “teachers” of this kind use traditional ancient names and terms, misleading students who take this for real continuity of the new teaching with the original.
When does Yoga stop being Yoga? Imagine that you and a friend saw a car. A friend asks: “What is this?” You answer: “It’s a car.” Imagine that a car has no steering wheel and your friend asks the same question. You still answer, "It's a car." But what if all four wheels, doors and engine are missing? And then to the friend’s question, “What is this?” You will probably answer in total - “Trash. Scrap Metal” Think of Yoga, which, after adapting to modern Western culture, has had its most important components taken away. Will it still be Yoga? Without higher meaning, goals and methods? Definitely - no!
Sbitneva O. A. Modern and traditional systems of physical exercises as a means health-improving orientation students in the process of educational activity / O. A. Sbitneva. // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2018. – 4. – P. 65-68.
WITH MODERN AND TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES AS A MEANS OF HEALTH ORIENTATION FOR STUDENTS IN
THE PROCESS OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
O.A. Sbitneva, Senior Lecturer
Perm state agrarian T technological university have nor academician D.N. Pryanishnikova
(Russia, Perm)
Annotation. The article discusses the health problems of students. The materials of the article reflect the importance of modern and traditionalhealth systems. The influence of physical activity on educational process. Discussed problem We are passive lifestyle students. A brief overview of the benefits of yoga in different and sports.
Keywords: physical activity, health, physical activity, modern and traditional health systems, lifestyle.
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, P acquisition of harmful habits s check (smoking, alcohol, etc.), P constant stress, b greater mental, physical, n strained vision. U vocabulary and training mode,acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities, achievement of physical And technical preparedness, guarantees the wound and improving the health of students. Health is a necessity of life I telnosti. Successful acquisition of knowledgecreative dedication, psychological comfort, self-improvement, in many depend on the health of students. Health plays a big role in the educational process; its absence leads to a decrease in mental, physical operable Adapt to new living, learning, and working conditions, possibly following a healthy lifestyle aimed at health promotion And disease prevention. V e for a healthy lifestyle, you need to And stick to some rules: absolutely t refusal bad habits, daily V new moderate healthy diet, system tic motor activity, full of valuable sleep, hygiene (personal and social n naya), continuous control over emotions, intellectual development, spiritual and s o social well-being. An integral part the goal of becoming comprehensivelydeveloped students, future specialists, is fi physical and mental health. About the processes of perception, attention, thinking, memory are of great importance in the preparation O students' readiness for activities.Educational activities are focused on mental work. Main load And goes to the central nervous system, its highest part of the brain.Long stayin a “sitting” positionnegatively affects the organization and low. In modern society the first m That's one hundred jobs that take up “sedentary” work. A “sedentary” lifestyle is a risk factor for MN about these diseases musculoskeletal aparasite, cardiovascular, lymphatic , nervous, digestive, respiratory b noah, immune systems. In student years O Yes, the body of young peopleis at high risk of developingtia of chronic diseases and diseases. One of the ways to maintain health is there is physical stress h ki, health-improving physical culture. There is a need for complexes of various physical and mental p rations, modern and traditional health systems
Health systems are systems that ensure the formation of human health based on practical methods that are divided into modern and traditional. Modern wellness b forming systemsfound in countries O milk culture, allow you to provide fo R health management based on a systems approach. Thisshaping, aerobics, stretch ching, pilates , Rhythmic gymnastics, callanetics. Shaping is a complex ri t physical exercisesAnd healthy eating aimed atfigure correction and O increasing muscle tone. Aerobics is just a type of physical training in which special movements are performed to rhythmic music that helps sleep e follow the rhythm of the exercises. Improves activity respiratory, cardiovascular , nervous systems. Ukre p The skeletal system is formed. Most popular The main types of aerobics are step aerobics and aqua aerobics. Step aerobics this is dance aerobics, which O runs on special platforms called vyvaemymi "steps". Aqua aerobics is a Exercises performed in water. Stretching - This gymnastics, subspecies fitn e ca, which is a complex P Exercises that help stretch the muscles and ligaments of the body. Used as ra h minky, prevention(hypokinesia, osteoparosis) and treatment of various diseases.Positively affects the central and central e peripheral nervous system. Activiz and metabolic processes are taking place. Pilates – this is a complex static exercises, for example V dedicated to developing flexibility and mobility O strength combined with proper breathing and keeping the body in balance.The main task Pilates lies in the interaction th the presence of all muscle groups, ligaments and at hozhiliy. This helps strengthen muscle tissue body, increasing the elasticity of ligaments, raising mood and morale. Renders blessings about beneficial effect on the immune system, lymph and cardiovascular system. Rhythmic gymnastics -variety health-improving gymnastics. Important email e The main element of rhythmic gymnastics is musical accompaniment. Ri t classes improve with physical gymnastics ut work cardiovascular, respiratory systems, strengtheningt muscles, restore coo r dynac yu movements, correct posture. IN endurance and strength are developed A quality, joint mobility improves. Rhythmic gymnastics can include Yu start the following movements: movements about T separate parts of the body, flexion and extension And bathing, turns and rotations with large and small tension, swinging legs and p at kami; walking, running, jumping, jumping; el e rhythmic gymnastics cops, dance valet-choreographic. Callanetics is a computer lex of gymnastic exercises.This is a system of complex static P Exercises aimed at contracting and stretching muscles. Promotes figure correction. Traditional systems come from countries with continuous oh and the oldest cult of the swarm - India and China. This is yoga, wushu and qigong they are based on t anthem stic complex To sy, breathing exercises
, elements ps and hophysical training, fine arts, philosophical system and definition e lazy outlook on life. Yoga and benefits stood for unityman with deity. Classes lead to complete harmony of body and soul and psyche. There are several ways to From compression, on this basis, yoga has several directions. Regular practice of ra h personal yoga poses, as well as breathing P exercise helps strengthen muscles, h twist qualitatively new strength, as well as improve muscle elasticity and mass.Yoga is an indispensable aid for many athletes.Yoga tools are possible b contributes to the healing of the body, strengthens e learning coordination of movements, development ps and homeomotional stability in carats . Recovery and enhancement sports in efficiency with the use of yoga tools. Sets of exercises using yoga are aimed at core To imbalance leveling support – motor system, warming up, concentration, stability And quality of psycho-emotional state, b s strong recovery processes. Volleyball players include yoga to develop flexibility of joints, ligaments, and muscles. There is a positive impact on departments O spine, as a means of combating stress With catfish, emotional overexcitement. The benefits of yoga for strength sports (powerlifting, weight-lifting, heavy a T letika, bodybuilding) becomes obvious d Noah. Establishing proper breathing for athletes; concentration of attention on the action being performed; flexibility of joints, spine; injury prevention are integral factors in And yoga changes in training process weightlifters.Yoga tools provide h the ability to warm up muscles and keep them in good shape for athletes. U P Yoga exercises have a positive effect on the formation correct posture and pov s improving joint and vertebral mobility h Nika. Stimulates the nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, and respiratory systems. Using yoga exercises, the athlete controls his body, breathing A nie; concentrates on performing tasks And movements, motor activity. Yoga is also good for basketball players. Helps prevent a number of injuries; raise by d joint visibility; strengthen muscles; improve body balance, promoting better control of body movements, its O location in space. Wushu - scoop p martial arts, combining x many styles. Wushu is based on n principles of internal energy management, to O which develop with the help of psychophysics And training that allows you to become more active And organize hidden opportunities z ma. Exercises develop coordination, speed of motor response, flexibility,joint mobility, endurance. Q and gong and used with health, ter a poetic purpose. Exercises easy to perform, there are no health restrictions. basis exercise is breathing exercises.
Exercise system Qigong is prescribed for ulcers, gastritis, hypertension, etc. Application about s building systems leads to a full hectare r monies of soul and body. With the help of these With the functioninginternal organs are normalized, all major systems of the body are strengthened, emotions improve O nal state, concentration increases A attention, self-confidence. Physical activity, health and physical culture are significant A suitable for functional life I body activity throughoutall my life. Strengthening and maintaining health is possible when used with O temporary, traditional health ny systems. Regular physical activity I am pregnant can stop ageing With significant changes physiological functions. Physical culture and sports occupy a and a special place in study, work, and leisure.
B bibliographic list
- Alekseev, S.V. Physical culture and sports in Russian Federation: new challenges of our time: Monograph / S.V. Alekseev, R.G. Gostev, Yu.F. Kuramshin. - M.: Theor. and practical physical cult., 2013. – 780 p.
- Baronenko, V.A. Student health and physical culture: Tutorial/ V.A. Baronenko. - M.: Alfa-M, INFRA-M, 2012. - 336 p.
- Barchukov, I.S. Physical culture and physical training: Textbook. / I.S. Barchukov and others - M.: Soviet sport, 2013. - 431 p.
- Vilensky, M.Ya. Physical culture and healthy lifestyle of a student: Textbook / M.Ya. Vilensky, A.G. Gorshkov. - M.: KnoRus, 2013. - 240 p.
- Dianov, D.V. Physical Culture. Pedagogical foundations of a value-based attitude to health / D.V. Dianov, E.A. Radugina, E Stepanyan. - M.: KnoRus, 2012. - 184 p.
- Kobyakov, Yu.P. Physical Culture. Basics of a healthy lifestyle: Textbook / Yu.P. Kobyakov. — Rn/D: Phoenix, 2012. — 252 p.
MODERN AND TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE AS A MEANS OF IMPROVING ORIENTATION OF STUDENTS IN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
O.A. Sbitneva, senior lecturer
Perm state agrarian and technological university named after Academician D.N. Pryanishnikov
(Russia, Perm)
Abstract. The article deals with the problems of students’ health. The materials of the article e reflect the importance of modern and traditional health systems. The influence of physical activity on the educational process is considered. The problems of students ‘ passive lifestyle are discussed. A brief overview of the benefits of yoga in different sports is given.
Keywords: physical activity, health, exercise, modern and traditional health systems, a way of life.
2.2.1. Yoga
The word "yoga" comes from a Sanskrit word meaning "union" and "effort" if we're talking about about the noun, the verb is translated as “to combine” and “to concentrate”. Yoga is an approach to life that suggests that our body is closely connected to the mind, and the mind is connected to the soul.
The age of Indian yoga is estimated at 4 thousand years.
Its essence can be briefly expressed in the following theses:
Yoga is health, a harmonious balance of physical and mental strength at any day and time.
Yoga is best quality any part of the body and their best interaction with each other, as well as with the external environment. Dynamic unity of all elements of the body.
Yoga means slimness and flexibility, beautiful posture and instant readiness for quick and precise action.
Yoga is a deep and calm confidence in one’s abilities.
Yoga is the ability to work well, work hard, and fully relax. This is internal discipline and longevity.
Yoga consists of three main components:
1. Special physical exercises called “asanas”.
2. Breathing exercises, which are called “pranayama”.
3. Working with our consciousness, or simply put - meditation.
First of all, it's very useful. In comparison with shaping, aerobics and step, which almost all women who dream of ideal figure, yoga classes are much more effective, because yoga allows you to burn fat from internal organs. This process is much slower than subcutaneous, but the result is much more stable.
Secondly, yoga is something that helps us truly move away from the affairs and worries that do not allow us to breathe peacefully throughout the day. Classes should be held under calm, quiet music, movements should be leisurely, one exercise should smoothly flow into another. Yoga does not require additional equipment, so anyone can train at home.
Gymnastics - the queen of physical culture
Do not be surprised by the fact that this gymnastics is still popular in our country, its physiological impact on the body of exercises is still insufficient. It is absolutely clear that the range of these actions is very wide - a legacy of the diversity of different characteristics...
Yoga
Yoga can be recommended as effective remedy psychophysical recreation and health improvement of students, as well as as a system harmonious development personality. This system is based on methods of conscious awakening of the body...
Yoga
Basic exercises in the Yoga system are called asanas. Asana is a pose that gives stability, health and mobility. Through the practice of asanas one gains agility, balance, endurance and greater vitality...
Methodology for developing flexibility among schoolchildren
Because there are 84,000 yoga poses, there are almost 84 basic asanas. A simple visual analysis shows that approximately 90% of the main asanas are aimed at developing the flexibility of one or another part of the musculoskeletal system...
Hatha yoga is the gymnastics of Indian yogis. The word “hatha” consists of two parts: “ha” means the Sun, symbolizing warmth, warming, excitement; “tha” - the Moon, a symbol of cooling and braking. Thus...
Non-traditional physical exercise systems
The word "yoga" comes from a Sanskrit word meaning "union" and "effort" when it is a noun, while the verb translates as "to combine" and "to concentrate." Yoga is an approach to life that involves...
Main directions of women's recreational gymnastics
Another new type of health-improving gymnastics for us is yoga; more precisely, what is new is its popularization, the approach to this (generally spiritual) teaching from the point of view of healing the body. For those who want to start doing yoga...
Development and establishment of non-traditional gymnastics systems
Yoga is the art of learning to swim with joy in the oncoming currents of life. Patanjali. Thousand-year traditions of Indian philosophy, dating back to the 15th-10th centuries. BC e., preserved to the present day...Hatha Yoga as one of the directions of Yoga
training wellness hatka yoga The literal translation of the word hatha is power, fury, violence, necessity, effort. Also symbolizes: ha = sun, tha = moon; the balance or union of the sun and moon forms yoga...
16.06.2013
Physical education and health technologies
Activities within the framework of health physical culture is aimed primarily at achieving the maximum possible health effect. Various forms and types of physical exercise should provide at least the following effects:
Health-improving physical culture (as a result of activity) is characterized by a set of useful results of its use, these are:
Today, physical culture and health technologies are not a common property personal experience rare specialists, and are developed in accordance with the achievements of medical science. Any physical education and health technology includes setting goals and objectives for health improvement, and the actual implementation physical education and health activities in one form or another. The technology includes not only the implementation of a health program, but also determining the level of health and testing physical fitness.
Physical education and health technologies can be carried out in a variety of areas: shaping, aerobics, fitness, bodybuilding, callanetics, isotope, as well as running, tourism, swimming as recreational sports, and other activities that are used in leisure activities. There are:
The main idea of preserving, promoting health and preventing diseases is wellness program, which includes seven main technological areas:
Physical exercises and natural factors have always been intuitively or consciously used by people for healing purposes. The human body is designed in such a way that the impact on it of a certain physical activity or environmental factors leads to its transition to a new, healthier level of functioning. A person simply cannot live without movement and stress. Excessive and harmful loads lead to illness and death, while optimal ones lead to improvement and prolongation of life.
It is not surprising that the rules of a healthy lifestyle are embedded in the biblical commandments. The Bible teaches that any illness, first of all, should be perceived not as a punishment from God, but as a punishment of oneself for an unhealthy lifestyle. The disease itself raises the question: is the person leading the right lifestyle?
Orthodox Christians solve the issue very wisely healthy life. Nothing is prohibited at all. Everything has its time. Time to dance and time to pray. The Old Testament says: For everything there is a season, and a time for every activity under heaven: A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up what is planted... (Ecclesiastes 3:1-5) The Bible forbids the abuse of wine and food that destroys the soul and body, and prohibits dubious entertainment, idleness and idleness.
Physical health is unthinkable without spiritual health. Most scientists think so. For example, academician from medicine Vladimir Troshin, the author of the Christian system of self-healing, believes that the system of self-healing is based on three principles - self-awareness, self-education and self-education. In addition, it consists of five commandments of health:
The doctrine of a healthy lifestyle and health systems appeared, of course, much earlier. So the most ancient science about health Ayurveda known for more than 5000 years. This word is translated from the ancient Indian language as “the science of life.” Her basic principles- diet, healthy lifestyle and disease prevention. It is Ayurveda that underlies all the known eastern branches of traditional medicine - Indian, Tibetan, Nepalese, Chinese, Japanese and others, each of which, naturally, transformed basic knowledge in accordance with local conditions and religious worldview. We are most familiar with Indian yoga and Chinese medicine.
The phenomenon called yoga (translated from Sanskrit - unity) has been known to us for more than 3000 years. We are not interested in the religious and philosophical aspects of this teaching, but in that part of it, which is a system of methods aimed at improving health. What is important in yoga is the control of vital processes and one’s own body through consciousness. Learning this is extremely difficult; it requires discipline of the mind, emotions and will.
Hatha yoga - This component Indian yoga, which includes a system of physical exercises aimed at improving the human body and the functions of internal organs. It consists of static poses (asanas), breathing exercises and elements of psychoregulation.
For busy Europeans, various adapted versions of yoga are used. One of such physical education systems is Pilatiz method . This is a 20th century invention. For example, in the USA alone, 11 million people practice under this brand, and 14 thousand instructors teach it. The author of this technique, Joseph Pilates, outlined his entire philosophy in a laconic phrase: “Health is the first component of happiness.” He believed that to achieve happiness it is necessary to masterfully manage your body. "If at thirty you are stiff and out of shape, then you are old. If at sixty you are active and strong, then you are young." According to Pilates, human development consists of leading an ideal lifestyle through a balance of physical, mental and spiritual qualities.
China is a country that developed as if apart from the main branches of civilizations, on its own. The teachings of Confucius have existed there for more than 2,500 years, on which, as the Chinese say, 10,000 generations were raised. Confucianism is traditionally identified with the Chinese way of life. In this teaching, physical self-improvement was given no less importance than spiritual and intellectual: it prescribed not only proper nutrition and a chaste lifestyle, but also indispensable physical activity. Those who avoid extremes and live in harmony with nature will remain healthy, embodying the unity of body, spirit and mind.
Another philosophical movement in China is Taoism. This religious teaching suggests that a follower of Taoism, through certain practices including gymnastic and breathing exercises, rules of sexual hygiene, meditation and alchemy, can achieve not only spiritual, but also physical immortality, as well as develop supernatural strength and abilities. Taoism denies the immortality of the soul, separated from the body, and considers man as an integral psychophysical complex. Therefore, there are two aspects of religious practice:
In terms of studying Chinese traditional systems, it is of interest kung fu system (also known as Wushu). Wushu theory - a typical example of Chinese philosophy, this is the general name for a number of psychophysical training systems. This and the view martial art, and therapeutic exercises, and health technology. Movements of the human body - only outer side Kung Fu, this practice is a good means of developing strong-willed qualities and mental potential of a person. Kung fu not only strengthens muscles and ligaments, but also develops coordination of movement, which makes it attractive among all types of physical activity. The actual history of Kung Fu begins in the year 500, with the creation of the Shaolin Monastery by an Indian Buddhist monk and the systematic teaching of this method of martial art. Kung fu is a synthesis of Indian Buddhist and Chinese culture and that is why it is interesting.
The famous ancient Chinese physician and surgeon Hua-To (2nd century), founder of the ancient Chinese hygienic gymnastics, argued: “If a door handle moves often, it does not rust. Likewise, a person, if he moves a lot, does not get sick.” Two thousand years have passed since the life of the doctor, but the principle of Chinese physical culture is still the same - the search for health in physical activity: from morning exercises to martial art. Gymnastics Hua-to - is a synthesis of traditional gymnastics wushu, tai chi, qigong.
Tai chi gymnastics or as it is called soft Kung Fu, or gymnastics for any age. Chinese national traditional system movements are combined with internal and external training. It combines the ancient Daoyin (Taoist method of maintaining health) and Wushu with the martial aspect of the practice. Special exercises and psychotraining relieve mental and muscle fatigue, improve the activity of the central nervous system. A mandatory requirement is deep rhythmic breathing. The movements in Tai Chi are smooth and the exercise is exciting. large groups muscles, with emphasis on the lower back, with movement in several joints. Millions of Chinese practice this gymnastics; it is often recommended for posture correction for older age groups.
Qigong - an important part Chinese medicine. This system of specific breathing exercises, a breathing control system, has a history of no less than three thousand years. The system arose as a result of the need for humans to adapt to harsh climatic influences, protect themselves from diseases, and develop the adaptive capabilities of the body. Qigong is a system for developing and training a person’s physical and mental abilities; in the narrow sense of the word, it is a system of breathing exercises. Qigong has its roots in ancient times; it has incorporated several systems of psychotherapy physical training– both traditionally Chinese and Buddhist (Indian) in origin.
"Qi" was traditionally understood by the Chinese as a kind of primordial energy inside the human body, and qigong (it can be translated as "breath work") - as a system of training that helps the proper circulation of "qi" in the body, which, in turn, develops physical and spiritual abilities. These are breathing-meditation or breathing-dynamic exercises. They are used independently (this is a complete system) or as basic ones in others Chinese gymnastics: wushu, tai chi. For Chinese medicine, the possibilities of Qigong are almost limitless. The system is effective for both treatment and recovery. It is declared that it prevents aging and increases life expectancy, has unique capabilities in the treatment of severe and chronic diseases.
The traditional national culture of health, of course, existed not only in India or China, but also in other countries. In Finland already in the 5th century appeared saunas, marking the beginning of the famous modern bath tradition. At the same time, the popular today rituals of immersion in an icy pond after a sauna arose. In Finland they say: “Build a sauna first, and then a house.” In former times, the sauna for Finns was not just a steam room. Here they were treated for illness, escaped from the cold, were born and died. According to statistics, Finland has just under 2 million saunas for its population of 5 million.
And Turkish culture contributed to the invention Turkish baths - one of the main symbols of Eastern culture, combining the philosophy of luxury and positive emotions. Turkish bath, topped with a domed ceiling and decorated with mosaics, features a sophisticated interior combined with chic design. The proportionality of beauty and benefit allows a person to achieve overall harmony of soul and body.
The way of life and worldview of the Russian people have created a unique system of physical culture, optimal for our anthropogenic type and climatic conditions. Russian traditional physical culture, like that of other peoples, was a means of maintaining and improving physical fitness for upcoming campaigns and battles. Towns, lapta; Russian wrestling; fist fights; running in starts; moving role-playing games - all this is figuratively described both in literature and in painting. In ancient Russian culture physical health considered the basis of human beauty. The famous traveler, Arab merchant Ibn Fadlan writes during his travels (908-932) “I saw the Russians when they came with their goods and settled on the Volga. I have not seen people more perfect in physique - as if they were palm trees."
The ancient Slavs also had a unique form of hygiene and health-improving physical culture, which has existed since the beginning of our era - bath ritual. The bathhouse was used to treat and restore strength after difficult hikes and illnesses.
The Englishman William Tooke (1774-1858), a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, wrote that the Russian bath prevents the development of many diseases, and rightly believed that the low incidence of illness, good physical and mental health, as well as the long life expectancy of Russian people are explained by exactly positive influence Russian bath. Over the centuries, the skill of steaming has been honed, turning bath procedures into health complex.
In Russia, baths have been known since ancient times. It is known that in the 1st century AD, when the Holy Apostle Andrew, a disciple of Jesus Christ, preaching in the places where the great Novgorod is now located, he saw people steaming in a bathhouse. In the Tale of Bygone Years the words are attributed to him: “I saw a marvel in the Slavic land on my way here. I saw wooden bathhouses, and they would heat them up very much, and they would undress and be naked, and they would douse themselves with leather kvass, and they would pick up young rods and beat themselves, and they will finish themselves off to such an extent that they will barely crawl out, barely alive, and will douse themselves with cold water, and that’s the only way they will come to life. And they do this constantly, not tormented by anyone, but they torture themselves, and then they perform ablutions for themselves, and not torment.”
Per-Heinrich Ling (1776-1839) had a huge influence on European physical education; the founder of the Swedish gymnastics system is associated with the opening of the State Gymnastics Institute in Stockholm. His job " General Basics gymnastics" and the tables of gymnastic exercises compiled by his son are the basis of published manuals on Swedish gymnastics. He formulated a harmonious system of exercises, the main goal of which is the health and physical perfection of a person. There is an opinion that the creation of gymnastics by Ling was greatly influenced by the Kung Fu book translated by that time. Although Ling himself does not mention this.
It should be noted that in the large cities of Russia already in the 19th century there were private gymnastics institutions to serve the small educated class for therapeutic and health purposes. One of the owners of such an institution, Dr. A. G. Berglind, a Swedish doctor, made a significant contribution to the development of health and therapeutic exercises in Russia. “Medical gymnastics according to the system of the Swedish gymnasium leader Ling” is the first solid work published in Russia in 1860. He made repeated attempts to attract public attention to gymnastics and published popular brochures. Dr. Berglind's private medical and gymnastics establishment was one of the few where gymnastics was looked at as an industry. Berglind was considered an experienced kinesiotherapist, that is, a doctor who treated with movements, and his medical-gymnastic institution was popular.
Another remarkable thing about Berglind’s establishment is that in 1872 Pyotr Frantsevich Lesgaft worked there as a consultant. With Berglind, he put into practice those principles and ideas that later formed scientific basis his rational gymnastics. The result of studying the Swedish system was the conclusion of Lesgaft (1874) that... Only knowledge of needs and capabilities human body, only scientific approach to conduct any type of gymnastics can make it a powerful tool in human improvement, both physical and moral.
Before the revolution of 1917 in Russia, there could be no talk of mass physical culture and health events or scientific developments in this area. Construction of a healthcare system, affordable medicine, as well as mass physical education population of Russia occurred in the first years of Soviet power after the victory of the October Socialist Revolution. The construction of health care was carried out under the leadership of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko, People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. Already in 1923-1924. The successes of this reform were visible, the purpose of which was the improvement of the nation’s health and mass physical education. Nikolai Semashko, at the 1st All-Union Meeting of Trade Unions in October 1925, first raised the issue of physical education in order to fight diseases and increase the efficiency of workers.
In the USSR, the spa business and physical culture are rapidly developing as an important part of sanatorium and resort treatment. A provision was developed that for the first time indicated indications and contraindications for the use of physical exercise; means necessary for use in resort and sanatorium settings and in medical institutions (gymnastic exercises, individual species sports, games, health path, excursions and walks, natural factors, individual therapeutic gymnastic systems, etc.). By 1936, the resort business quickly transformed into a powerful health resort industry called the Health Resort of Workers in the Caucasus and Crimea.
In the same year, 1924, with the participation of the People's Commissar of Health Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko, the magazine “Theory and Practice of Physical Culture” began to be published, on the pages of which much attention was and is now being paid to the theory of physical culture and health technologies and the problems of physical education.
During the Soviet period of the country's development, much attention was paid to strengthening the health of the population. In the USSR, despite the great difficulties and hardships that befell the people during the Great Patriotic War, an improvement in the health of the population was achieved. Among the factors that contributed to the improvement of public health during the Soviet period, a significant role belonged to such social phenomena as physical education and recreational activities and mass sports. Movements under the slogans of passing the standards of the complex, be ready for labor and defense, BGTO and GTO, industrial gymnastics and other events and movements contributed to awakening interest in physical education activities and sports. Physical education was included in the curriculum at all levels of education.
TRP - Physical education program in general education, professional and sports organizations The USSR was supported by the state in the system of patriotic education. Existed from 1931 to 1991. Covered the population aged 6 to 60 years. All this and much more contributed to strengthening the health of the population and, in fact, was an effective form of mass physical education and health work. In 1972-1975 Over 58 million people complied with the norms and requirements of the complex.
Since the 60s of the last century, the improvement of the nation, the health industry, has been the national policy of developed countries. The CPSU program of 1960 declares “The Party considers one of the most important tasks to be to ensure the education ... of a physically strong young generation with the harmonious development of physical and spiritual forces.” US President John F. Kennedy in 1960 uttered the famous words “we are an untrained nation, we watch instead of playing, we eat instead of walking,” after which he established the President’s Council on Fitness. And he called the Amarians to healthy image life.
In the 60-80s, scientifically based physical education and health technologies appeared in the Soviet Union and abroad, they quickly developed and were accepted by the population. In 1968, Dr. Kenneth Cooper's book Aerobics was published. In it, he outlined a new exercise program that was used by members of the Air Force, and then by the entire population of the world. It was translated into Russian and warmly supported by the health enthusiast Academician Amosov. Then the American actress Jane Fonda came up with dance aerobics, rhythmic gymnastics. Women danced with pleasure to these videos Soviet Union in the early 80s.
Currently, many experts believe that it is necessary to preserve and restore the best traditions of the domestic physical education and sports movement and continue the search for new highly effective physical education, health and sports technologies aimed at maximizing the involvement of all segments of the population in active activities physical culture and sports. Currently, this movement is supported by the state. The words of the President of Russia Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin are perceived with hope: “Today the issues of preserving and strengthening the health of people in Russia are given Special attention, they are rightfully included among the priority national projects"
Such techniques are constantly born in the heads of especially advanced representatives of humanity. Among them are doctors, specialists in the field of physical education, and people without education who are passionate about this idea. Some methods do not find followers and are quickly forgotten, some are promoted, but all of them are of interest for studying human capabilities, positive and negative experiences... Among the authors of healing methods are academician surgeon Amosov, author of the thousand steps program, and a strange man Porfiry Ivanov, and Paul Bragg - the author of the method of therapeutic fasting and even the writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy and many others.
The fitness industry today is a huge, dynamically developing industry, bringing multi-million dollar income to owners and considerable benefits to clients. Let's consider the main directions of the fitness industry:
Since the term "fitness" widely used in most different meanings, consider the areas of use of this term:
1. General fitness - optimal quality of life, including social, mental, spiritual and physical components. General fitness is most associated with our ideas about health and a healthy lifestyle.
2. Physical fitness - optimal state of health indicators that make it possible to have high quality life. In general terms, physical fitness associated with the level of physical fitness. This term is used in two senses: a) health fitness, aimed at achieving and maintaining physical well-being, and reducing the risk of developing diseases ( cardiovascular systems, metabolism, etc.); b) sports-oriented or motor fitness, aimed at developing the ability to solve motor and sports problems at a sufficiently high level.
Fitness - in the sense of physical activity, specially organized within the framework of fitness programs and involving running, aerobics, dancing, water aerobics, as well as exercises for correcting body weight, etc.
Fitness system has American roots and includes 3 components: “building” the body, aerobic training and balanced nutrition. As for the “strength component” of fitness training, by the beginning of the 70s it became quite obvious that bodybuilding (bodybuilding) copes with the tasks of building a muscular body faster and more effectively than any system of physical exercises that existed before him. The means to achieve a beautiful, moderately muscular body are physical exercises performed with weights (including on exercise machines) and a relatively high-protein diet.
The term aerobics was first coined by Kenneth Cooper in 1960. Its origin comes from the word “aerobic”, that is, occurring with the participation of oxygen, which has a physiological basis. In 1963, the book “Aerobics” was published, which contained the basics of this training, already adapted for a wide range of the population. Aerobics includes such types of physical activity as walking, running, swimming, skating, skiing, cycling and others. Complexes of general developmental and dance exercises stimulates the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems just as well.
Aerobics as a physical education and health system, it is a synthesis of general developmental gymnastic exercises, varieties of running, jumping, skipping, performed to musical accompaniment. This type promotes the development of endurance, improves the functionality of the cardiorespiratory system. This area of health-improving activities is extremely popular all over the world. There are classical aerobics, step aerobics, aqua aerobics, dance aerobics, with elements of martial arts, slide aerobics and much more.
Shaping is an exclusively Russian invention (an application for recognition of shaping as an invention was filed in the USSR in 1988). Shaping (from the English shape - form) is a physical education and health system of exercises in order to satisfy the body's need for physical activity, as well as to eliminate physique deficiencies. Shaping aims not only to shape the body, but also to create a healthy lifestyle. It combines the advantages of aerobic and strength training and solves the problems of building the body, improving overall health, losing weight, and improving the psycho-emotional state. Shaping is a typical physical culture and health technology that involves assessing the level of health, testing to assess the effectiveness of exercise and nutrition correction at various stages of training.
Shaping training is a set of exercises that consistently affect various muscles of the body. Training effect achieved through repeated repetition cyclic exercise. Repetitions are performed at a moderate pace for a large number of times (up to 300 or more), until complete fatigue (reaching an individual maximum). Sometimes for a single muscle group perform several exercises.
The wellness industry is constantly adapting to the needs of society. So, for example, the health spa industry appeared - this is a modern business sector that brings in tens of millions of dollars annually. Her philosophy is wellness for successful, wealthy and very busy people. Glamorous, fast, expensive and, as declared, effective. There is no special idea of SPA. This includes massage, mud and salt baths, various baths and other pleasant and useful services.
"Spa" is the name of a frequently mentioned Belgian spa town in the Ardennes, popular in the 19th century, famous for its natural springs. This word has become a household word, just like in Russia Matsesta or Mineral Waters. “Receive Matsesta” “be treated in the waters.” During the Renaissance, cities emerged as fragments of the Roman bath culture, which are still known today as water resorts. They have preserved the ancient traditions of visiting the steam room, bathing, and massage. These are Baden-Baden in Germany, Bath in England, Spa in Belgium. To give meaning to this word, the acronym SPA is attributed to it - this is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase "Sanus Per Aquam", or "health through water."
A few words about the broad and well-organized movement and concept Wellness, which has been spreading in America since the 70s. The English wellness is a coined word antonym of illness. The word "wellness" should be translated and understood as a healthy lifestyle.
Wellness is not only a social movement for a healthy lifestyle, but also a direction of wellness business, focused not only on physical, but also on professional and mental health. For example, the American Wellness Institute declares the following values:
Currently, the so-called behavioral programs, reinforcing and developing positive tendencies and aspirations of people towards a healthy lifestyle, physical education and sports. There are numerous foreign behavioral programs: “Health for Life”, “Healthy Heart”. For example, the Trimming-130 program - its slogan is this: Did you know that the risk of getting a heart attack is reduced by exactly half if you do Trimming-130 every day? To implement the program, any physical activity is suggested, provided that it leads to an increase in heart rate to 130 beats, and such a pulse should be maintained for at least 10 minutes.
We also had several such programs that operated effectively for decades. Among them is the All-Union GTO complex, a system of industrial physical culture. Now they are being reborn.
Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia
Respected Western publishers recognize authentic, traditional Yoga, in contrast to the so-called Yoga teachers and Yoga teaching schools. The following excerpt is from the new Funk & Wagnalis encyclopedia:
Yoga(Sanskrit "bond", "connection"), one of the six classical systems of Hindu philosophy, which differs from the rest in the miracles of bodily control and mystical powers, the possession of which is attributed to advanced followers. Yoga states a doctrine which describes that through the practice of certain disciplines, a person can perform penance achieve liberation from the limitations of the body, the illusions of the senses, the trap of thoughts, and thus achieve unification with the object of knowledge. Such unity, according to the doctrine, is the only true path of knowledge. For most Yogis (those who practice Yoga), the subject of knowledge is all-pervading Brahman. A minority of Yogis seek perfect self-realization instead of knowledge of God...
The final stage, in the doctrine of Yoga, is rarely achieved in one life. Usually, several births are required to achieve liberation, first from the world of phenomena, then from thoughts about oneself, and finally from the enslavement of the spirit by matter. Separation of spirit from matter- Kaivalya, or true liberation...
Two understandings of Yoga
A recent insight: The typical perception of Yoga has changed greatly over the last century, especially over the last few decades. Most of this happened due to changes in the West, especially in the USA, although this is not only an American phenomenon (the same changes happened with Tantra)
The essence of two understandings: the essence of these changes that have occurred can be expressed in two understandings, one of which is modern and erroneous, and the other is ancient and true
- Incorrect: Yoga is a physical system with a spiritual component
- True: Yoga is a spiritual system with a physical component.
Understanding the recent degradation of the understanding that Yoga is only a set of physical exercises is one of the most important steps for modern seekers of authentic Yoga.
Yoga and Christianity: To say that yoga is more of a physical fitness exercise, as many Christians have done, is like saying that much of the Christian faith consists of drinking wine and eating bread with meals, and that in baptism there is nothing higher than taking a shower or bathing. The purpose of Yoga is Yoga.
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07
Yoga(Sanskrit connection), a general term for the spiritual disciplines of Hinduism, Buddhism and throughout South Asia that aim to achieve higher consciousness and liberation from ignorance, suffering and rebirth. More specifically, it is also the name of one of the six orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy. Both Vedic and Buddhist literature discuss the doctrines of wandering ascetics in ancient India who practiced different kinds asceticism and meditation. The main text of the philosophical school of Yoga, the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (2nd century BC), is a systematization of one of these ancient traditions.
Yoga is a classical philosophy: Yoga is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy. These are Nyaya, Visheshika, Mimamsa, Sankhya, Yoga and Vedanta. A short overview of these six schools or systems will easily clarify the true nature of authentic Yoga as a system of spiritual endeavors. (It is worth noting that there is no universal agreement: some believe that the Buddha's doctrine is the seventh system or school of Indian philosophy, and not a separate system in which his [Buddha's] methods came from the same source. Additionally, some consider this division inaccurate, claiming that the only true Yoga comes directly from the ancient texts, the Vedas).
Six schools of Indian philosophy
Yoga contains, or is built upon, other philosophies: It is important to note that the system of Yoga contains, or is built upon, four other systems or schools of Indian philosophy (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Sakhya). In other words, it is not important to dive into these systems as separate studies and practices. They are properly included in the Yoga system from the point of view of performing practices. In addition, the Vedanta system is the actual companion to the Yoga system.
Dates of these systems: The exact dates of the formation of these six systems are unknown, since learning was originally entirely oral, since writing had not yet been created. However, as a rule, they think they have appeared 2-3 thousand or more years ago. Some say that the origins of these traditions go back 5-10 thousand years or more. The lack of clear dates is also due to the fact that practitioners were so focused on the eternal properties of the highest truths that they simply did not bother to record the dates.
Yoga. Practical methods for gaining direct experience: Yoga systematically deals with all levels of existence, trying to know the eternal center of consciousness. Yoga is best described in the Yoga Sutras and involves the systematic observation of one's internal states in order to overcome them all, reaching the center of consciousness. Yoga is also often called Sankhya Yoga because Yoga contains practical methods to be practiced through direct experience of the truths of Sankhya philosophy
Sankhya. Manifestation Structure: Samkhya philosophy offers a structure for all levels of manifestation, from the subtlest to the grossest. Samkhya comes from samyag akhyate, which literally means “that which explains the whole.” Sankhya deals with prakriti (matter), purusha (consciousness), buddhi or mahat (intellect), ahankara (false ego), three gunas (elements of stability, activity and lightness), mind (manas), cognitive and active senses (indriyas) , and the five subtle and gross elements (earth, water, fire, air and ether). By the radiance of its breadth, it contains within itself all the spheres of Vaisesika, Nyaya and Mimamsa, which are described below.
Vedanta. Contemplative self-questioning: Vedanta philosophy and practice provide contemplative methods of self-questioning that lead to the realization of the true nature of man, which is not dependent on birth, aging or decay. The main point of these practices is meditation on the Mahavakyas. The teachings of Vedanta are best described in the Upanishads
Vaisesika. Physical Sciences: The Vaisesika system was developed by Prashastapada and emphasizes material sciences such as chemistry. It includes the study of the elements earth, water, fire, air and ether, as well as time, mind and soul.
Nyaya. Reasoning: The Nyaya system was founded by the ancient sage Gautama, and deals with logic, the process of reasoning. Doubt is considered a prerequisite for philosophical questions. The rest of the systems of Indian philosophy use this process.
Mimamsa. Freedom through action: The Mimamsa system was founded by Jaimini and strives for freedom through action. It has a detailed philosophy that deals with ritual, worship and moral behavior, which has evolved into the philosophy of karma.
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Swami Rama explains that the word Yoga has unfortunately been misused. So people think that Yoga means exercise to stay young. It is, however, a science that deals with body, breath, mind and soul, and ultimately with Universal Consciousness.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4emkk6IZ08(video)
Swami Satyananda Saraswati, founder of the Bihar School of Yoga, describes the modern situation of Yoga well in the introduction to the Hatha Yoga Pradipika with commentary by Swami Muktibodhananda Saraswati, where he writes:
In ancient times, Hatha Yoga was practiced for many years as a preparatory stage for higher levels of consciousness. Now, however, the true purpose of this great science was completely lost. The practices of Yoga, which were created by the rishis and sages of ancient times, for the evolution of mankind, are now understood and used in a very limited way. Often we can hear: “Oh, I don’t practice meditation, I just practice physical Yoga, Hatha Yoga.” Now is the time to correct this view. Hatha Yoga is a very important science for people today....
The main goal of Hatha Yoga is to create an absolute balance in the interacting activities and processes of the physical body, mind and energy. When balance is created, it serves as an incentive to awaken the central channel (sushumna nadi), which is responsible for the evolution of human consciousness. If Hatha Yoga is not used for this purpose, its true purpose is lost.Confusion about goals and tools
The body is not the goal: The human body is a wonderful instrument and needs to be taken care of. However, the body is a tool, not the goal of traditional Yoga. In science and medicine, the pill is a tool, but the pill itself cannot be the goal. In the science and practice of authentic Yoga, the body is the instrument, but the body itself is not the end. Confusing ends and means: This may sound like something against the body, but that is not the point. This is not a conflict between philosophies. Rather, there is a misunderstanding of ends and means.The goal of Yoga is Yoga
Nothing from the lower levels is the goal: in traditional Yoga, the practitioner works and trains all levels of existence, including relationships, self-inquiry, feelings, body, breath and mind. However, none of the above in itself is the goal of Yoga.
On the authentic path: The practitioner follows the path of authentic Yoga:
Relationship: The practitioner builds a relationship with the world through practices such as non-violence, honesty, mindfulness of truth and non-possessiveness. However, building relationships with the world in itself is not the goal of Traditional Yoga.
Feelings: The practitioner trains the senses to be able to consciously regulate them in a positive way, although working with the senses itself is not the goal of traditional Yoga.
Body: The practitioner works with the body to make it flexible, strong and strong. But working with the body in itself is not the goal of authentic Yoga
Breath: The practitioner trains breathing to make it smooth, slow and quiet. But breathing training in itself is not the goal of traditional Yoga.
Mind: The practitioner works with the mind at all its levels, although such a study of the mind in itself is not the goal of authentic Yoga
The goal of Yoga is beyond this: The only goal of Yoga is above all this, while the above points are obstacles that block the realization of the Personality, Truth or Reality that is to be sought. Since they are obstacles, they are given special importance in practice so that they cease to cover the eternal center of consciousness.
Swami Rama writes about the situation in traditional Yoga and modern Yoga in his book, "The Path of Fire and Light." (Path of Fire and Light):
Most people look at Yoga as a system of physical training. Only a few understand that the science of Yoga is perfect in itself, and deals systematically with body, breath, mind and spirit.
When a person understands that he is not only a living being, but also a being that breathes and thinks, then his search is not limited to just the body and breathing.
For him, gaining control over his mind and its modifications, as well as over feelings and emotions, becomes more important than practicing some postures and breathing exercises. Only meditation and reflection can help the practitioner understand, control and manage the mind.
In the opening paragraph of the Yoga Lectures, Swami Rama explains:
The word Yoga is often used and often misunderstood these days., this is the age of fantasy, and Yoga is now relegated to the role of a kind of fad, a passing fad. Many false and incomplete teachings are propagated in the name of Yoga, and it became the subject of commercial exploitation, and just one small aspect of Yoga is often accepted as the whole of Yoga. As an example, many people in the West think that it is a cult of body and beauty, while others consider Yoga to be a religion. All this obscures the true meaning of Yoga.
In the second volume of The Path of Fire and Light, Swami Rama goes even further where he emphatically states:
The word "Yoga" has now become vulgarized, vulgarized, and currently means nothing.
Mixing means and ends: If you are going to the Himalayas, you can first fly by plane or drive by car. However, the fact that you use the mentioned means of transport does not mean that you will necessarily end your journey in the Himalayas. Every day there are many millions of people who travel by these modes of transport, but they will randomly mystically end up in the Himalayas if they do not set a goal to get there in the first place. The goal or purpose of Yoga is Yoga itself, the connection itself, the connection between the small soul and the universal soul. If a person knows how to bend his body in a certain way, this does not mean that he will be able to achieve this higher connection, i.e. Yogi.
