Nomination " Children's project in primary school"

Goals research work: Formation of a positive attitude towards sports and a healthy lifestyle in children by example and the example of a famous athlete.Attraction more children to attend sports sections.

Research objectives:

• develop independent research skills by studying information about sports;
• show the importance of sport in human life;
• conduct a survey about sports;
• formulate the basic qualities that will help you become a real athlete;
• promote the development of interest in sports with the help of a film that is prepared for this topic.

Research Questions:

• What is sport and when did it appear?
• How did the sport develop?
• How does sport affect our health?
• Why do you need to play sports?
• What character qualities does sport develop?
• What sport do I play and who is my favorite athlete?

Main part

My interest the topic of research did not arise by chance.The thing is that I'm from sports family. My dad was involved in bodybuilding, my mother is a master of sports in rhythmic gymnastics, my older sister, who is 15 years old, has 1 adult category in rhythmic gymnastics. And I have the 3rd adult category in rhythmic gymnastics.

I was sent to study early - at the age of 4. When I got to the training, I was very interested. There are many unusual objects, such as clubs, a hoop and a ribbon, and ordinary ones, such as a jump rope and a ball. I immediately tried to touch these objects and repeat the exercises with them, but! For some reason it didn’t work!!!

And my coach said that it was too early for us, so small, to take on subjects, and therefore the first year of training was not like a training session, but like a game: fun, interesting and easy! But after just one month of such classes, I was already doing all the splits, getting into a bridge and doing a cartwheel!

You say: “Something is too fast!” And this is all because when I came home, I tried to show all the elements that we learned in training to my mother at home. My mother knowledgeably told me the “little tricks” that were needed to perform this or that element. For example: where do you need to transfer the weight of your body when you get up from the bridge, what muscles do you need to push off with? how to stretch correctly so as not to injure the ligaments and most importantly, you should always remember that before performing the elements you definitely need a warm-up.

Not everything works out the first time - that's a fact! I turned 100-200 “wheels” at home every day, my mother said: “Get some rest!”, and I kept turning and turning and saying: “I won’t stop until it works!” And, oh, happiness - it worked! The joy knew no bounds!!!

And all these efforts are not in vain!
Victory tastes so wonderful!
Support our athletes together
We are ready everywhere and always.
I probably won't ever be able to
Understand people that they are indifferent to sports!!!

This is how my small victories began - victories over myself!My efforts were noticed by a coach and two years later, at 6 years old, I was offered to join a group with older girls. I was the smallest there in terms of age and height, and that’s probably why the older girls treated me very well - they always kindly told me mistakes, felt sorry for me if something didn’t work out, and encouraged me. That's why I always enjoyed going to training. I really liked my company, my older friends, and most importantly, I liked the fact that I already knew how to do something unusual.

The competition stage began. My first away competitions took place in Astrakhan, and I went there when I was 6.5 years old. When my mother was offered to take me to the competition, she was very worried how I would cope on the trip without her, and so she first asked me if I wanted to go to the competition? I said that I really want to!!! And the coach and older girls promised that I would always be under their supervision! And my mother let me go. I returned from Astrakhan with 4th place, the coach said that this was very good, since it was an All-Russian rhythmic gymnastics tournament!

After that, they began to take me to other intercity competitions. I now train 6 times a week, 3 hours a day! In a word, sport is my life! I don’t forget about my lessons either. I always do my homework, even if I come back from competitions, I make sure to go through everything that my classmates went through, because I don’t want me to have 4s. I am trying very hard!!! Yes, now, of course, it’s not as easy as it used to be when I was little. The demands in sports and academics are becoming higher and higher. And the educational and training process is no longer in the form of a game! But how joyful and pleasant it is to come home and shout loudly: “MOM - I AM FIRST!!!”

My idol in rhythmic gymnastics is Evgenia Kanaeva.Evgenia Kanaeva is a two-time Olympic champion 2008 (Beijing, China) and 2012 (London, England) in rhythmic gymnastics. She is an Honored Master of Sports of Russia.

I met Zhenya Kanaeva in Penza, at the World Cup stage, in the spring of 2012, before the Olympics. Our whole family went there specifically to watch competitions of such a high level! I was very happy that I saw everyone not on TV, but next to me! And what's more, they gave me their autographs Vera Shtelbaums, Irina Viner, Evgenia Kanaeva and many other celebrities!

Sport is health, both physical and mental! Sport- This is willpower, the desire to win, the desire to be better!

The sport originated several thousand years ago, but it cannot be called any specific The birthplace of sports. Archaeologists have found many objects, images and buildings indicating that sports have existed in human society for a very long time!

In our time sports and watching them has become very popular. There are more than 1000 sports, and their number is constantly increasing.If we recall the proverb “movement- this is life,” it turns out that people go in for sports everywhere - both in nature and in sports clubs, and at home.

A large number of home exercise equipment have been produced, thanks to which sports fans can engage in physical development at a convenient time in their apartment. Most people are busy at work, experience chronic fatigue and stress. Sport, on the contrary, reduces fatigue, often relieves stress and, as a result, a person enjoys sport and becomes healthier.

But it is worth noting that when a person plays sports, he must eat properly to provide the body with the necessary minerals and vitamins. Sport is the prevention of many human diseases, for example such common ones as bronchitis and pneumonia, and has a huge impact positive influence on his health, so he needs to exercise.

In addition, playing sports develops many useful qualities, such as:

PATIENCE

There are no quick results either in sports or in life. Notice how Small child learning to walk. He stands up on his still fragile legs, takes a step, then another, and... falls. He gets up again, tries, and fails again. And so again and again.

It’s the same in sports! If you love what you do today, don't stop trying!

Don't underestimate your opponent. Even the most experienced athletes sometimes lose to weaker ones. Being confident is good, but it can also be overdone. After all, having achieved a long-awaited goal, the worst thing is to stop or relax. There will always be someone weaker and someone stronger than us. Remember that we always have room to grow, set new goals and don’t stop there!!!

HARDWORK

Winners often suffer many failures before achieving victory. Winners are not born! Most successful people reached the top primarily through hard work and dedication to your work. Therefore, if something doesn’t work out for you, don’t despair, work on yourself and don’t be lazy!

SYSTEMS APPROACH

Step by step, moving towards your goal, you gradually begin to notice results. A real athlete will not be able to find excuses for himself, such as “today I’m not in the mood for something” or “the world will not collapse if I miss one workout.” You achieve good results only when you practice systematically.

PURPOSE

This is exactly what makes athletes get up at 6 am and go to training every day. Monotonous, exhausting work and complete dedication. Why do they do this? Do they really like torturing themselves that much? No, the main motive for them istarget, which is constantly before their eyes. A bad athlete is one who does not dream of becoming an Olympic champion!

DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES

Sport develops such physical qualities such as: strength, agility, coordination, accuracy, reaction speed, flexibility, grace, smartness and so on.

Conclusion

Love sports, play sports, and then you will live a long and happy life, which will bring you only positive emotions.

There are a lot of sports, and I think that at least one will suit anyone. Dear adults, tell us children about various sports, go to sports competitions with us, organize a holiday sport competitions. We need to make sure that playing sports is considered a norm of life!

Sport is beauty, it is smiles and happiness for us and our loved ones! Sport - is life!!!

Annex 1.Questionnaire:"Sports in my life"

1. Your gender_______________________________________________________________

2. Favorite kind of sport ____________________________________________________

3. Do you go in for sports yourself________________________________________________

4. If “yes”, then in what way_________________________________________________________

5. Do you have sports category _________, Which__________________________

6. Did any of the family members go in (or are doing) sports_______________

7. If “yes”, then who and what kind of sport__________________________________________

8. Your friend (or girlfriend) goes in for sports_________________________________

9. If there were many different sections nearby, which section would you still sign up for _______________________________________________________________

10. Do you do exercises in the morning___________________________________________

11. Do you like physical education lessons at school_________________________________

12. Do you go to sporting events with your parents or friends _________,

for which ___________________________________________________________________

13. Do you watch sports programs __________, which ones ______________________

14. What personal qualities do you think sport develops (list) ____________

___________________________________________________________________________

15. Would you like to become an Olympic champion _________________________________

16. How many days a week are you willing to study for this __________________________

17. How many hours a day can you spend on sports_________________

18. Which athlete do you want to be like___________________________

Bibliography

1. Agadzhanyan N. A., Shabatura, N. N. Biorhythms, sport, health. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1989. — 209 p. — (Science to sports).

2. Belov V.I. Encyclopedia of health: Youth up to a hundred years: Reference book, ed. - M.: Chemistry,
1993. - 400 pp.: ill.

3. Lapitskaya, Elena Mikhailovna. Physical education for children [Text] / E. M. Lapitskaya; edited by M. M. Bezrukikh. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2009. - 172 p.: ill.; 22 cm. - (Raising a first-grader). - 2000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-699-36252-3 (translated).

4. Ozeretskaya, E. Olympic Games [Text] / E. Ozeretskaya. - L.: Children's literature, 1990. -151 p.: ill.

5 . Samin, D.K. The most famous athletes of Russia [Text] / D.K. Samin. - M.: Veche, 2003. - 512 p. - (Most famous).

6. Physical Culture for children from 2 to 9 years old [Text]. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 110 p.: ill.

7. Shalaeva, G. P. I want to become a champion [Text]: Big book about sports / G. P. Shalaeva. - M.: EKSMO, 2005. - 144 p.: ill.

8. http://collegy.ucoz.ru/publ/35-1-0-1886

9. http://www.chaltlib.ru/articles/detjam/sovetuem_prochitatj/o_sport_ty_zhizn/

10. http://www.myshared.ru/slide/319209/

11. http://www.rusarticles.com/lyudi-i-sport-statya/o-sport-ty-zhizn-891969.html

1. The origins of gymnastics as a sport
2. The place and importance of gymnastics in the system of physical education
3. Gymnastics in the Olympic Games program
List of sources used

1. The origins of gymnastics as a sport

Rise and decline

Gymnastics (from the Greek “gymnazo” - I teach, train) is a system of bodily (physical) exercises that developed in Ancient Greece many centuries BC - served the purposes of the general comprehensive physical development and improvement. However, there is another, less convincing, version of the origin of this word from the Greek “gymnos” - naked, since the ancients were engaged in physical exercises naked.

The gymnastics of the ancients, in addition to general developmental and military exercises, exercises in horse riding, swimming, imitation and ritual dances, also contained exercises for which public competitions were held - running, jumping, throwing, wrestling, fist fight, chariot riding, included in the programs of the ancient Olympic Games, held from 776 BC. to 392 AD for 1168 years.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, in the Middle Ages, when obscurantism and scholasticism reigned, asceticism, the achievements of ancient culture and art, including gymnastics, were forgotten.

With approval at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. humanism - a direction of social thought characterized by the protection of the dignity and freedom of the individual, its comprehensive, including physical, development by the struggle for the humanity of social relations - begins an appeal to the cultural heritage of antiquity. The education system is gradually being introduced physical education- gymnastics. A significant role in its revival was played by the essay of the Italian physician Hieronymus Mercurialis (1530-1606) “On the Art of Gymnastics”, views on the education of the French writer, author of the novel “Gargantua and Pantagruel” Francois Rabelais (1494-1553), and the Swiss teacher Pestalozzi (1746-1827). ), French philosopher-educator Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), Czech teacher Jan Amos Kamensky (1592-1670).

The rebirth of gymnastics

At the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries. In Germany, a movement of philanthropists developed in pedagogy under the influence of the ideas of humanists. In the philanthropic schools they created, an important place was occupied by the system of physical education - gymnastics, which was developed and taught by G. Fit (1763-1836), I. Guts-Muts (1759-1839). The creation of the system of German gymnastics was completed by F. L. Jahn (1778-1852), who developed a gymnastic system called “turnen”, which enriched German gymnastics with exercises on the crossbar (horizontal bar), rings, uneven bars and pommel horse.

Original gymnastics systems were created: in France by F. Amoros (1770-1847), in Sweden (Swedish) by P.-G. Ling (1776-1839), and in the Czech Republic (Sokol) - Miroslav Tyrs (1832-1884).

It is not easy to establish when gymnastics, a system of physical education, became a sport. It is known that in 1817, 80 students of F. Amoros held public competitions in Paris, that in Greece, in Athens, starting from 1859, attempts were made more than once to revive the ancient Olympic Games, and competitions were held in many types of physical exercises and gymnastics . It can be assumed that F. Yan’s students tried to measure their strength, compete in performing exercises, and M. Tyrsh’s students - “falcons” - held rallies at which gymnasts demonstrated their successes and, naturally, these successes were somehow compared. But these are all episodes. Gymnastics became a recognized sport in 1896, when it was included in the program of the first modern Olympic Games. And since then it has remained their true decoration.

Since the first Olympic Games, the basis of gymnast competitions has been exercises on gymnastic apparatus: pommel horse, rings, parallel bars, horizontal bar and vault, and since 1932 (Los Angeles, USA) also in floor exercises. However, paying tribute to gymnastics - the system of physical education, and depending on the content of gymnastics in the host country of the Olympic Games, the competition program included additional exercises, which served as versatile physical training - rope climbing, sprinting, high jump, long jump and pole jump, shot put. At the Olympic Games, team championships, all-around championships and championships in individual all-around events are played.

At first, only men competed on the Olympic gymnastics platform, but in 1928 (Amsterdam, Netherlands) women also competed for the first time. True, they missed the next X Games (1932, Los Angeles, USA), but from the XI Games (1936, Berlin, Germany), they constantly participated in all games. At first, women competed only in the team championship, but since the XV Games (1952, Helsinki, Finland) they have also competed in individual all-around competitions - vault, uneven bars, beam, floor exercise - and in individual events.

Since the XI Games, the men's competition program has stabilized and accepted modern look– hexathlon: floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, vault, parallel bars, horizontal bar.

2. The place and importance of gymnastics in the system of physical education

Gymnastics as a sport and an integral system of physical education originated in Ancient Greece. About the beneficial influence regular classes Homer, Aristotle and Plato wrote and spoke about gymnastics for the harmonious development of personality. In addition to the general developmental and special exercises gymnastics of the ancient Greeks included swimming, running, wrestling, boxing, riding (on horseback and in chariots), etc. According to one version, the word “gymnastics” itself comes from the Greek “gumnos” (naked): as you know, ancient Greek athletes competed without clothes.

Early Christians considered gymnastics a “satanic invention,” opposing the carnal, i.e. its “sinful” beginning - which, first of all, meant the nakedness of athletes - - spiritual, sublime. In 393, gymnastics was officially banned.

In ancient times, not only the Greeks were familiar with gymnastics. For example, in China and India several thousand years ago, gymnastic exercises were also practiced - mainly in medicinal purposes. Even then, special devices were known, similar to some modern gymnastic apparatus. Thus, in ancient Rome, to teach the basics of horse riding, a certain semblance of the “horse” known to us was used.

With the beginning of the European Renaissance, interest in gymnastics of the ancient Greeks reawakened: Renaissance thinkers perceived it as a means of strengthening health and general physical development of a person. The theoretical foundations of the physical education system are gradually being laid (Rousseau, Pestalozzi, etc.). The immediate predecessor of modern artistic gymnastics in the 16th–17th centuries. Vaulting (exercises and jumps) on a table and a horse, climbing a pole and a wall, maintaining balance on a rope and trees became very popular at that time.

The origin and development of modern artistic gymnastics. In the XVIII - early XIX centuries. In Germany, a physical education system was being formed, which was based on gymnastics. The founder of the German gymnastics movement was F.L. Jan. He significantly expanded the “gymnastic field” and invented new exercises and apparatus (including the horizontal bar and parallel bars), thereby laying the foundations of modern artistic gymnastics. In 1811, Jan opened the first gymnastics ground (near Berlin), and five years later he published - together with one of his students E. Eiselen - the book German Gymnastics: it contained descriptions of the basic exercises and the necessary guidelines. The first public performances of gymnasts date back to approximately this time.

Their own systems of physical education were developed in the Czech Republic, Sweden and France, and a little later - in Russia. During this period, exercises on apparatus and vaults were cultivated. Although floor exercises in one form or another were known several centuries ago (for example, from the performances of traveling circus troupes, which demonstrated, among other things, unusual acts on the floor or on the ground), they did not immediately gain recognition as one of the gymnastic disciplines.

In its development, artistic gymnastics went through several stages: over time, the requirements for it and, accordingly, its content changed. History of gymnastics in the 19th century. was largely determined by the confrontation between two fundamentally different systems: Swedish, in which the emphasis was primarily on floor exercises (in the broad sense), and German, which tended to exercise on apparatus.

In the middle of the century, the first indoor gymnasiums appeared in Germany (before that, only open areas operated). Begin to be carried out official competitions By artistic gymnastics. In the second half of the 19th century. Europe, and later America, are experiencing a real gymnastics boom.

And the next century can rightfully be called the “century of gymnastics.” Although the modern program of gymnastic competitions was not immediately determined. Moreover, they took place in an unusual way. Gymnast competitions were often held outdoors. At first there were no single technical requirements to gymnastic equipment: often national teams came to international competitions with their own “props”.

Before World War II, gymnasts from Germany, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, Switzerland, Finland, the USA, Yugoslavia, and Hungary performed more successfully than others. In the 50s, the world gymnastic elite included athletes from the USSR and Japan, later from Romania, China and Bulgaria, and with the collapse of the USSR - representatives from Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

International Gymnastics Federation. In 1881, the European Gymnastics Federation (EGF) was created, which initially included only three countries: Belgium, France and Holland. The founder and first president of the Federation was the Belgian Nicholas Couperus. In 1921, with the appearance of the first non-European countries in the FEG, it was reorganized into the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), which now unites artistic gymnastics and related disciplines: general gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining, sports aerobics and acrobatics.

FIG is the oldest international sports association. And one of the most numerous: as of January 2002, the Federation consisted of 125 countries. More than 30 million people now practice gymnastics in various clubs around the world. A total of about 2,500 masters participate in world and continental championships.

European Gymnastics Union. It is interesting that the European Championship in artistic gymnastics began to be played long before the corresponding governing body appeared in the Old World. In 1955, the first European Championships among male gymnasts took place. Two years later, women also entered the fight for European gold. Until the mid-1980s, the European Championships were held under the auspices of the FIG, with competitions for men and women taking place at different times and in different countries.

In 1982, the European Gymnastics Union (UEG) was created. The 1986 European Championship in Germany was the first that the Union organized and held independently - without the help of the International Federation (in the same year the USSR joined the UEJ).

Currently, the Union includes 46 countries. UEJ is one of the most numerous and active sports associations on the continent. In addition to the championship, the European Cup is played, and many other competitions (for different age groups), festivals and other events related to artistic gymnastics are held.

The most titled “European” among gymnasts is Yugoslav Miroslav Cerar, who twice won the title of absolute champion of the continent and won a total of 21 medals (including 9 gold).

Sports types of gymnastics.

GYMNASTICS(Greek gymnastike, from gymnazo - I exercise, train), one of the oldest sports, including competitions on various gymnastic apparatus, as well as floor exercises and vaults. Currently, at international tournaments, gymnasts compete for 14 sets of awards: two in the team competition (men and women), two in the absolute individual championship (men and women) and ten in individual all-around events (4 for women, 6 for men).

In the program of the Olympic Games since 1896.

Gymnastics is the technical basis of many sports; corresponding exercises are included in the training program for representatives of a wide variety of sports disciplines. Gymnastics not only provides certain technical skills, but also develops strength, flexibility, endurance, a sense of balance, and coordination of movements.

Rules. Gymnastics competition program. Exercises on parallel bars. There are parallel bars (men) and uneven bars (women). The apparatus consists of two oval (in cross-section) wooden poles mounted on a metal frame: for men - at a height of 1.75 m, for women - 1.65 and 2.45 m. (The height of all gymnastic apparatus is measured from the surface located near them safety mats).

Women's parallel bars exercises include, first of all, rotations in both directions around the top and bottom poles, as well as various technical elements performed above and below them with rotation around the longitudinal and transverse axis using a one- and two-handed grip (as well as without using hands ).

Men's parallel bars exercises combine dynamic (rotations, swing movements, etc.) and static (horizontal supports, handstands) elements. The gymnast must use the entire length of the apparatus, “working” above and below the bars.

Floor exercises (wives and men) are performed on a special gymnastics mat 12 x 12 m. There is a 1 meter wide “safety boundary” around the carpet. The carpet (wool or synthetic) has an elastic surface - dense enough for pushing, but at the same time providing athletes with a soft landing. Floor exercises are a combination of individual elements (somersaults, somersaults, splits, handstands, etc.) and their combinations, different in tempo and “mood”.

As the performance progresses, athletes must make maximum use of the entire area of ​​the mat. The complexity of the program and its individual elements, as well as the purity and confidence of execution, are assessed. No less important is the originality of the presented composition and the artistry of the athlete - especially for women, whose performances are accompanied by musical accompaniment and include separate dance steps, which are in many ways reminiscent of exercises from rhythmic gymnastics. Performance time on the mat is limited: 1 minute 10 seconds for men and one and a half minutes for women.

Vault (men and women). Performed from a running start using additional support (hence the name of the exercise). The length of the projectile is 1.6 m, the width is 0.35 m. The athlete runs up along a special track 25 m long and 1 m wide, pushes off with his feet from the bridge - a shock-absorbing device 20 cm high, inclined to the run-up line - and then makes an additional push hands (for men a push with one hand is allowed) from the projectile. The jumps performed can be straight, somersault, inverted, etc. For men, the apparatus is installed at a height of 1.35 m parallel to the runway, for women - at a height of 1.25 m perpendicular to the track. Another significant difference is related to the competition formula: men are given only one attempt, women – two, based on the results of which the average score for completing the exercise is calculated. The height and distance of the jump, its complexity (number of revolutions around the longitudinal and transverse axis, etc.), cleanliness of execution and precision of landing are assessed.

Exercises on a balance beam (women) - a gymnastic apparatus 5 m long and 0.1 m wide, fixed motionless at a height of 1.25 m from the floor. The exercise is a single composition of dynamic (jumps, turns, “jogging”, somersaults, dance steps, etc.) and static (splits, swallow, etc.) elements performed standing, sitting and lying on the apparatus. Athletes must use the entire length of the beam. The judges evaluate the gymnasts' flexibility, balance and elegance. The duration of the speech is no more than 1 minute 30 seconds.

Exercises on a horse (male) - a special apparatus with handles that allow you to perform swinging movements with your legs. (The same apparatus, but without the handles, is used in the vault.) The horse is fixed at a height of 1.05 m. The exercises are a combination of swinging and rotational movements, as well as handstands, during which all parts of the apparatus must be used.

Exercises on rings (men) - a movable apparatus in the form of two wooden rings attached to special cables at a height of 2.55 m. Exercises on rings (lifts, rotations and twists) demonstrate not only flexibility, but also physical strength athlete. The static elements of these exercises are no less difficult to perform than the dynamic ones. According to the rules, dismounting from the rings at the end of the performance must be an acrobatic element. As when performing exercises on the horizontal bar, occupying initial position on the rings, the athlete can use the help of a coach or assistant.

Exercises on the crossbar (men) - a bar made of polished steel with a diameter of 27–28 mm and a length of 2.5 m, fixed on two racks with the help of stretch marks at a height of 2.55 m. According to the rules, performing rotations (in different directions) around the crossbar , the athlete has no right to touch her with his body. During the performance, he must demonstrate various types of grips and the ability to move cleanly and clearly from one type to another.

The sequence of program execution is usually as follows:

– floor exercises, pommel horse exercises, rings exercises, vault, parallel bars, horizontal bar (for men);

– vault, uneven bars, beam, floor exercise (women).

Judging and evaluation. The performances of the gymnasts are assessed by the main judge and eight judges who “serve” one or another apparatus.

The judges are divided into two groups. Two judges evaluate the complexity and composition of the exercise using a 10-point system, and six other judges evaluate the execution technique. To quickly record the technical elements demonstrated by the gymnast during the performance, the judges use more than 1000 special written signs - similar to shorthand.

From the score given by the first group of judges, a kind of “starting price” (this is the maximum amount of points that an athlete can receive for a performance), points are deducted for mistakes made: from 0.1 points for a small error to 0.4 points for a blunder. A fall from or onto a projectile costs 0.5 points. According to the rules, when performing a vault, as well as exercises on uneven bars, rings and the crossbar, an assistant can be located next to the apparatus to secure the athlete, but if the gymnast is forced to use his help, 0.4 points are automatically deducted from the performer. Stepping on the mat (during floor exercises) or failure to comply with the time limit for the performance is also punishable by a reduction in grade.

A group of judges assessing the complexity of the presented program gives an overall score. The judges monitoring the technique make scores independently of each other: the best and worst of them are not taken into account, and the average score is calculated from the remaining four.

For a long time, a score of 10 points was, in fact, considered only theoretically possible. In 1976, during the Montreal Olympics, the young Romanian athlete Nadia Comaneci became the first gymnast in history to achieve this in practice. Moreover, Comaneci was then awarded the highest rating 7 times.

During team competitions and during the overall championship, the scores received by a team or an individual athlete in various types of programs are summed up. Based on them, the final grade is derived. The gymnast or team with the most points is declared the winner.

The team competition uses a 6-5-4 scheme. No more than 6 athletes compete for each team at competitions, 5 of them “work” on a particular apparatus, and only the 4 best results are taken into account. (Previously, the “7-6-5” scheme was in effect.)

In team competitions, as well as during individual championships (absolute and in certain types of the program), the athlete is given only one attempt on each apparatus. The exception is vault among women (see above).

Competitors themselves determine the “content” of their exercises on this or that apparatus, but their performance must meet existing requirements regarding the type and complexity of technical elements used.

Each exercise has a beginning, a main part and an ending (dismount).

Competition formula, determining the winner. Major international artistic gymnastics competitions consist of four stages:

– Qualifying (or preliminary) stage among individual gymnasts and teams, based on the results of which the composition of the finalists is determined;

– Team final is held among the 6 strongest teams based on the results of the “qualification” (separately among men and among women);

– Absolute championship in the individual competition it is played among 36 best athletes;

– The championship in individual events is played out by 8 athletes who showed at the preliminary stage top scores in certain exercises.

At large competitions, as a rule, six men's or four women's teams (according to the number of apparatus) perform simultaneously on the platform. Having completed the performance in one type of program, the team moves on to the next.

The Olympic Games, unlike the World Championships, are limited to a limited number of participants. These are 12 men's and 12 women's national teams that showed the best results at the World Championships preceding the Olympics. The total number of individuals participating in the Olympic gymnastics tournament is 98 (for both men and women). In addition to the athletes of the 12 best teams, they include representatives of countries that took places at the championship from 13th and below, as well as a number of athletes selected by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) on an individual basis.

According to the rules, no more than 3 representatives of one country can participate in the final part of the competition for the title of absolute champion of the Olympic Games, and no more than 2 in the championship competition in individual exercises.

Since 1997, the program of the World Gymnastics Championships and the Olympic Gymnastics Tournament no longer includes compulsory exercises. To replace mandatory and free program, based on the results of which the winning teams and the composition of the final participants in the individual competition were previously determined, the qualifying stage among gymnasts and the team final came.

Some other rules. Gymnastics is one of those sports in which last decades An intensive process of “rejuvenation” was underway. A kind of record was set in 1987 by the Romanian gymnast Aurelia Dobre, who won the title of absolute world champion at the age of less than 15. Even younger was her compatriot Daniela Silivas, who two years earlier received the gold medal for winning the balance beam exercise. Currently, the minimum age for participants in major international tournaments in gymnastics is not 15, as before, but 16 years old (that’s how many athletes must turn in the year of the competition).

There are also some “procedural” restrictions in modern artistic gymnastics:

– the transition from projectile to projectile is carried out in an organized manner;

– competition participants are given 30–40 seconds to warm up, after which they are called to perform the exercise;

– during the execution of the program, the coach has no right to talk to the gymnast;

– during the competition, participants do not have the right to leave the site without special permission.

The rules provide for penalties for individual gymnasts and entire teams: for example, for failure to appear for warm-ups. Unsportsmanlike (and undisciplined) behavior of athletes is punishable by a fine.

Failure to comply with the dress code can also affect the results of a gymnast’s performance. The first remark entails a deduction of points – and up to and including removal from the competition in the overall classification.

When performing exercises on apparatus, it is allowed to use special leather pads for the palms to avoid damage.

About technology. The basis of gymnastic technique is certain body positions on the apparatus and movements performed during the exercise.

Hanging is a position in which the athlete’s shoulders are below the grip point, and the emphasis is when they are located above the support point. The emphasis can be carried out with the arms, legs or torso.

Grip is a specific way of holding the gymnast on the apparatus. There are grips: from above, from below, from outside, reverse grip of hands with inside projectile, mixed, cross, long and narrow (closed).

Grouping is a position in which the body is bent as much as possible at the waist, the knees connected together are pressed to the chest, and the arms are clasped bottom part legs

Angle - the position of the body (hanging or supporting) when the outstretched legs are located at right angles to the body.

Split is a body position in which the legs are spread as far apart as possible.

Transition is the movement of an athlete on an apparatus to the right or left when performing any technical element.

Lifting is a transition from hanging to support or from a lower support to a higher one.

Flying is the movement of the gymnast (from hanging or support) from one side (part) of the apparatus to the other.

Circle - Roundabout Circulation over the projectile or part thereof.

Turnover – circular rotational movement athlete around the axis of the apparatus or grip points.

Twist - performing an exercise with a rotational movement in the shoulder joints.

Swing (forward, backward or to the side) is a pendulum-like movement of the body from one extreme point to another. There are also swinging - a similar movement of some parts of the body relative to others (at emphasis) or the whole body near the grip points (while hanging), swing - movement of the leg (legs) above the projectile (at emphasis) or under it (while hanging) and crossing - two swings performed simultaneously towards each other.

Rotation is the movement of the gymnast’s body around its longitudinal axis or the movement of individual parts of the body around their longitudinal axes.

Flip is a rotational movement of the body with turning over the head forward or backward.

Somersault is a complete flip over the head in the air (without support) from a standing start, from a run and when flying from one part of the projectile to another.

Dismount – jumping from an apparatus to the floor in various ways at the end of the exercise.

Individual gymnastic apparatus have their own specific positions and movements. For example, in exercises on rings there is a cross (support with arms spread to the sides) and swing (a single movement of the body together with the apparatus in one direction).

In the technical arsenal of gymnasts there are many “combined” elements (for example, a flip lift), as well as more complex variations of basic movements - such as a back flip with a 360-degree turn.

Many outstanding gymnasts come up with their own technical elements, which then receive their names: “Delasal circles” on the pommel horse, “Diomidov’s spinner” on the uneven bars, high bar dismount and “Tsukahara” vault, “Korbut loop” on the uneven bars and “Korbut somersault” on the balance beam , exercise on the crossbar “Delchev”, “Azaryan cross” on rings, etc.

Gymnastics

Rhythmic gymnastics is a purely female sport. Its main means are dance exercises performed with and without objects. They serve as an excellent means of physical education for girls, young women and women. A number of elements of this sport are included in school curriculum in physical culture. In high school there are independent studies rhythmic gymnastics. The development of rhythmic gymnastics in the country is led by the Russian Rhythmic Gymnastics Federation. Rhythmic gymnastics is Olympic form sports.

The term “rhythmic gymnastics” was born in the “Higher School” that opened in 1934 artistic movement” Leningrad State Institute of Physical Culture named after. P.F. Lesgaft. It united the efforts of theorists and teachers of the leading studios of plastic art and the artistic movement that existed in the 20-30s: the Petrograd Institute of Rhythm (1920), the school of plastic arts of Zinaida Verbova (1923), the studio of the artistic movement of Elena Gorlova (1923), plastic department of the Temas studio by Alexandra Semenova-Naypak (1927) and many others. The first teachers of the Higher School were Elena Nikolaevna Gorlova, Rosa Abramovna Varshavskaya, Anastasia Mikhailovna Nevinskaya, Zinaida Davydovna Verbova, Alexandra Mikhailovna Semenova-Naipak. Together with the first students - Anna Nikolaevna Larionova, Yulia Nikolaevna Shishkareva, Tatyana Timofeevna Varakina, Tatyana Petrovna Markova, Lidia Nilovna Kudryashova, Ariadna Richardovna Bashnina, Sofia Vasilyevna Nechaeva, Galina Alexandrovna Bobrova, they created a miracle, developed the foundations of a new sport for women - “artistic gymnastics”, which now has its fans in almost 60 countries around the world.

The leading ballet masters of the Mariinsky Theater helped in many ways to make her beautiful, graceful, and attractive. Classical dance at the Higher School was taught by the future People's Artist of the USSR Rostislav Zakharov, character dance by the outstanding master of character dance Sergei Koren, historical and everyday dance by the future artistic director of the current St. Petersburg Academy of Choreography. A. Vaganova Nikolai Ivanovsky.

During the same period, Leningrad specialists clarified the classification, systematized the means of expressiveness of rhythmic gymnastics, determined the volume of program material, and developed the primary rules of the competition.

In 1941, the first city championship in rhythmic gymnastics took place in Leningrad. The first champion of the city on the Neva was Yulia Shishkareva. 7 years later, here in our northern capital The first Russian championship starts. The first prima donna of Russian gymnastics was Muscovite Lyudmila Zotova. Since 1948, Russian championships have been held annually, and the first lady of domestic rhythmic gymnastics has been determined. The popularity of this beautiful girls' sport grew every year. In 1963, the first World Championships were held in Budapest. 15 years later, the first European Championships took place in Madrid; 6 years later, rhythmic gymnastics made its debut in the program of the Olympic Games and since then has been one of the most expensive decorations in the Olympic crown.

Modern competitions for “female artists” are, first of all, competitions for all-around athletes. The all-around consists of four free exercises with objects that are chosen from five possible each season (jump rope, hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon). All exercises are accompanied by music. Previously, they performed with a piano or one instrument. Now orchestral soundtracks are used. The choice of music depends on the wishes of the gymnast and the coach. But each exercise should be at least 1 minute. 15 sec. and no more than one and a half minutes. Competitions take place on a gymnastics mat measuring 13x13 meters. Classic all-around (4 exercises) is the main Olympic discipline. In addition to the all-around, gymnasts performing in the individual championship traditionally compete for sets of awards in certain types of exercises (except for the Olympic Games). But group exercises, which first appeared at the 1967 World Championships, have been included in the Olympic program since 1996. Only now it’s a group biathlon. Five gymnasts first perform an exercise with homogeneous objects (for example, 5 balls), and then a second exercise with dissimilar objects (say, 2 hoops and 3 ribbons). The duration of each composition is from 2 minutes to 2 minutes 30 seconds. The first set of Olympic medals in group combined was played in Atlanta in 1996. The Spanish received it.

Sports acrobatics

Sports acrobatics includes three groups of exercises: acrobatic jumps, pair and group exercises. Acrobatic exercises also include exercises on a trampoline. The wide range of complexity of acrobatic exercises allows them to be taught to people of different ages, gender, and physical fitness.

To practice acrobatics you do not need complex equipment, just tumbling track, gymnastic mats. You can do it not only in gym, but also on sports ground. The development of acrobatics in the country is led by the Russian Acrobatics Federation. She organizes and conducts competitions, including Russian championships.

Sports aerobics

Sports aerobics is a sport in which athletes perform a continuous and highly effective set of exercises, including combinations of complex coordination acyclic movements, elements of different structural groups of varying complexity, as well as interactions between partners. Includes the following types of exercises: individual performances of men and women, mixed pairs, triples and sixes in any composition. The basis of the choreography in these exercises is the “basic” aerobic steps and their combinations. In 1995, the International Olympic Committee(IOC) aerobics was recognized as an official discipline and became part of the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG). In our country, the Federation and the Association manage the development and conduct competitions sports aerobics Russia with the support of the Russian Artistic Gymnastics Federation in accordance with the rules of the International Aerobics Federation.

Health-improving types of gymnastics

According to the degree of influence on the body, all types of health-improving physical culture (depending on the structure of movements) can be divided into two large groups: exercises of a cyclic and acyclic nature. Cyclic exercises are motor acts in which the same complete motor cycle is constantly repeated for a long time.

These include walking, running, skiing, cycling, swimming, rowing. In acyclic exercises, the structure of movements does not have a stereotypical cycle and changes during their execution. These include gymnastics and strength exercises, jumping, throwing, sports games, martial arts.

Acyclic exercises have a predominant effect on the functions of the musculoskeletal system, resulting in increased muscle strength, reaction speed, flexibility and mobility in the joints, and lability of the neuromuscular system. To species with predominant use of a cyclic exercises may include hygienic and industrial gymnastics, classes in health groups and general physical training (GPP) , rhythmic and athletic gymnastics, gymnastics according to the “Hatha Yoga” system.

Rhythmic gymnastics

The peculiarity of rhythmic gymnastics is that the tempo of movements and the intensity of the exercises are set by the rhythm of the musical accompaniment. It uses a complex of various agents that affect the body. Thus, a series of running and jumping exercises affect mainly the cardiovascular system, bending and squats - on the musculoskeletal system, relaxation methods, etc. self-hypnosis - on the central nervous system.

Exercises on the ground develop muscle strength and joint mobility, running series develop endurance, dance series develop plasticity, etc. Depending on the choice of means used, rhythmic gymnastics classes can be predominantly athletic, dance, psychoregulatory or mixed in nature. The nature of energy supply, the degree of enhancement of respiratory and circulatory functions depend on the type of exercise.

A series of ground exercises (in lying, sitting positions) has the most stable effect on the circulatory system. Heart rate does not exceed 130–140 beats/min, i.e. does not go beyond the aerobic zone; oxygen consumption increases to 1.0–1.5 l/min; the lactic acid content does not exceed the PANO level - about 4.1 mmol/l. Thus, work on the ground is predominantly aerobic in nature.

In a series of exercises performed in a standing position, local exercises for upper limbs also cause an increase in heart rate to 130-140 beats/min, dance movements - up to 150-170, and global (bending, deep squats) – up to 160–180 beats/min. Most effective impact The body is exposed to a series of running and jumping exercises, in which, at a certain pace, heart rate can reach 180–200 beats/min, and oxygen consumption can reach 2.3 l/min, which corresponds to 100% VO2max. Thus, these series are predominantly anaerobic in energy supply (or mixed with a predominance of an anaerobic component); The lactate content in the blood by the end of the workout in this case reaches 7.0 mmol/l, the oxygen debt is 3.0 l (V.V . Matov, T. S. Lisitskaya, 1985).

Depending on the selection of series of exercises and the pace of movements, rhythmic gymnastics classes can have a sports or health-improving orientation. Maximum stimulation of blood circulation up to a heart rate of 180–200 beats/min can only be used in sports training young healthy people. In this case, it is predominantly anaerobic in nature and is accompanied by inhibition of aerobic energy supply mechanisms and a decrease in the MIC value.

There is no significant stimulation of fat metabolism with this type of energy supply; in this regard, a decrease in body weight and normalization of cholesterol metabolism, as well as the development of general endurance and performance.

In health-improving classes, the choice of tempo of movements and series of exercises should be carried out in such a way that the training is mainly aerobic in nature (with an increase in heart rate in the range of 130–150 beats/min). Then, along with improving the functions of the musculoskeletal system (increasing muscle strength, joint mobility, flexibility), it is also possible to increase the level of general endurance, but to a much lesser extent than when performing cyclic exercises.

Gymnastics according to the “hatka yoga” system

Despite the fact that this gymnastics is quite popular in our country, its physiological effect on the body has not yet been sufficiently studied. It is likely that the range of its influence is very wide - due to the variety of means used.

Hatha yoga is a component of Indian yoga, which includes a system of physical exercises aimed at improving the human body and the functions of internal organs. It consists of static poses (asanas), breathing exercises and elements of psychoregulation.

The effect of asanas on the body depends on at least two factors: strong stretching of nerve trunks and muscle receptors, increased blood flow in a particular organ (or organs) as a result of changes in body position.

When the receptors are excited, a powerful flow of impulses occurs in the central nervous system, stimulating the activity of the corresponding nerve centers and internal organs. In the “shirsa-sana” position (headstand), blood flow to the brain increases, in the lotus position - to the pelvic organs.

Performing special breathing exercises (controlled breathing) associated with holding the breath, in addition to the neuro-reflex effect on the body, helps to increase the vital capacity of the lungs and increases the body's resistance to hypoxia. “Sawa-sana” (“dead pose”) with complete muscle relaxation and immersion in a semi-drowsy state is used for faster and full recovery the body after strong muscle tension in static poses. Stimulation of recovery processes and increased efficiency of rest occurs due to a decrease in the flow of impulses from relaxed muscles to the central nervous system, as well as increased blood flow in working muscles. muscle groups Oh.

In recent years, new evidence has been obtained that during relaxation (as well as during muscular activity), endorphins are released into the blood, resulting in improved mood and relief from psycho-emotional stress - the most important factor in neutralizing psychological stress.

During dynamic observation of young people practicing the Hatha Yoga system, a number of positive changes in the body were discovered. Thus, there was a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure at rest, an increase in vital capacity (on average from 4.3 to 4.8 l), as well as an increase in the content of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood and the breath holding time.

Flexibility indicators increased to the greatest extent - from 4.4 to 11.2 cm. There was a noticeable increase in aerobic capacity and level physical performance was not observed. The PWC170 test increased from 1220 to 1260 kgm/min and the MOC increased from 3.47 to 3.56 l/min, which was not statistically significant (Janaraj, 1980). In research recent years the positive effect of yoga on patients with bronchial asthma and hypertension (controlled breathing and psychoregulation techniques) is shown, and a decrease in blood clotting and an increase in tolerance to physical activity is noted.

Thus, the “hatha yoga” system can be used in health-improving physical culture. For example, such exercises as abdominal and full breathing of yogis are successfully used, autogenic training(which is essentially a variation of the “dead pose”), some flexibility exercises. (“plough”, etc.), elements of body hygiene and nutrition, etc. However, gymnastics according to the “hatha yoga” system, apparently, cannot act as a sufficiently effective independent health product, since it does not lead to an increase in aerobic capacity and level of physical performance.

The population of India, despite mass classes in the Hatha Yoga system, has the lowest PMC rates compared to other nations. It is also necessary to take into account that a system of classes that gives positive results in Indian conditions cannot be mechanically transferred to our environment with an unfavorable environmental situation, a busy pace of life, a lack of free time and a lack of experienced methodologists.

The “hatha yoga” system requires performing asanas early in the morning in the fresh air (in a park, forest, by the sea), and after class, complete relaxation (relaxation) is required for at least 15–20 minutes. It is unlikely that all this is feasible in the conditions of modern society.

The forms of health-improving physical culture described above (using acyclic exercises) do not contribute to a significant increase in the functional capabilities of the circulatory system and the level of physical performance, and therefore are not of decisive importance in the quality of health programs. The leading role in this regard belongs to cyclic exercises, which ensure the development of aerobic capabilities and general endurance.

As you can see, the highest indicators aerobic power have representatives of cyclic sports - skiers, runners, cyclists. In athletes of acyclic sports (gymnastics, weightlifting, throwing), the MOC value does not exceed that of untrained men - 45 and 42 ml/kg. Increasing aerobic capacity and general endurance (MNJ) is the most important property of all cyclic exercises. Therefore, they are called aerobic, or simply aerobics (according to Cooper).

Aerobics is a system of physical exercises that provide energy through the use of oxygen. Aerobic exercises include only those cyclic exercises that involve at least 2/3 of the body’s muscle mass. For achievement positive effect The duration of aerobic exercise should be at least 20–30 minutes, and the intensity should not exceed the level of PANO.

It is for cyclic exercises aimed at developing general endurance that the most important morphofunctional changes in the circulatory and respiratory systems are characteristic: increased contractile and “pumping” function of the heart, improved utilization of oxygen by the myocardium, etc. Differences in individual types of cyclic exercises associated with the peculiarities of the structure of the motor act and the technique of its implementation are not of fundamental importance for achieving a preventive and health-improving effect.

Health walking

In mass physical culture, health-improving (accelerated) walking is widely used: at an appropriate speed (up to 6.5 km/h), its intensity can reach the training regime zone (heart rate 120–130 beats/min). In the USA, for example, 53 million Americans engage in fast walking (according to the Gallup Institute).

Under such conditions, 300–400 kcal of energy is consumed per 1 hour of walking, depending on body weight (approximately 0.7 kcal/kg per 1 km of distance traveled). For example, a person with a body weight of 70 kg spends about 50 kcal (70ХО.7) when walking 1 km. At a walking speed of 6 km/h, the total energy consumption will be 300 kcal (50*6). At daily activities health walking (1 hour each), the total energy consumption for the week will be about 2000 kcal, which provides a minimum (threshold) training effect- to compensate for the deficit in energy consumption and increase the functional capabilities of the body.

This is supported by the results of a study of maximum aerobic performance. Thus, after 12 weeks of training in recreational walking (1 hour 5 times a week), the subjects observed an increase in VO2 max by 14% compared to the initial level. However, such a training effect is possible only for untrained beginners with low UFE. For more trained athletes, the health-improving effect of walking decreases, since with increasing training, the intensity of the load becomes below the threshold. Increasing walking speed to more than 6.5 km/h is difficult, because it is accompanied by a disproportionate increase in energy costs. This is why when moving at a speed of 7 km/h or more, running is easier than walking quickly.

Accelerated walking as an independent health remedy can only be recommended if there are contraindications to running (for example, in the early stages of rehabilitation after a heart attack). In the absence of serious deviations in health, it can only be used as the first (preparatory) stage of endurance training for beginners with low functional capabilities. In the future, as fitness increases, recreational walking should be replaced by running training.

A group of scientists at the University of Washington observed 11 men and women aged 60–65 years with overweight body (on average 75.3 kg with a height of 161 cm) and cholesterol metabolism disorders. At the first stage of training, low-intensity loads were used for 6 months: health walking at a heart rate equal to 60% of the maximum (5 times a week for 30 minutes); after this, a 12% increase in BMD was noted compared to baseline. Over the next 6 months, the intensity of exercise was increased to 80% of the maximum heart rate (running); as a result, BMD increased by another 18%, blood cholesterol decreased, and HDL content increased by 14%.

Finnish scientists provide interesting data on the combined effects of long walking on the body in combination with a low-calorie diet. 13 women and 10 men covered 340 km during a 7-day trek, walking an average of 50 km per day (at a speed of 3.5 km/h). Their diet consisted of water, including mineral water, fruit juices and several natural products. During this time, body weight decreased by 7%, blood cholesterol and triglycerides by 30–40%, and HDL content increased by 15%. In the evening hours, a sharp decrease in blood glucose and insulin levels was observed. Despite this, the performance of the subjects remained at a fairly high level. The authors note that metabolic changes in the body were significantly greater than with the separate use of walking and fasting.

Industrial gymnastics

This type of health-improving physical education is used in various forms directly in production. Introductory gymnastics before starting work helps to activate motor nerve centers and increase blood circulation in working muscle groups. It is necessary especially in those types of production activities that involve long-term maintenance of a sedentary working posture and precision in performing small mechanical operations.

Physical education breaks are organized directly during work. The time of their implementation is determined by the phases of change in the level of performance - depending on the type of activity and the contingent of workers. The physical training break should be ahead of the phase of decreased performance. By performing exercises with musical accompaniment for unused muscle groups (according to the mechanism active rest) the coordination of the activity of nerve centers and the accuracy of movements are improved, the processes of memory, thinking and concentration are activated, which has a beneficial effect on the results of the production process.

Morning hygienic gymnastics

Morning hygienic exercises help to quickly bring the body into working condition after waking up, maintain a high level of performance during the working day, improve coordination of the neuromuscular system, and the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

During morning exercises and subsequent water procedures the activity of skin and muscle receptors, the vestibular apparatus is activated, the excitability of the central nervous system increases , which helps improve the functions of the musculoskeletal system and internal organs.

Educational and developmental types of gymnastics.

These types of gymnastics include: basic, women's, athletic and professional applied.

Basic gymnastics. It has great potential for solving health, educational and educational problems. They can be implemented due to the multi-structure of exercises and the multi-functionality of each of them. This opens up inexhaustible possibilities for the teacher for a creative approach to enriching those involved in the system with special knowledge, skills and abilities. Such knowledge in the field of gymnastics can be information about it as a sports pedagogical discipline: about its content, social significance, history, technique of performing exercises and the laws underlying it; about the possibility of using exercises for health, educational and educational purposes; on the impact on individual organs and systems of the body in order to increase their functionality, develop motor and mental abilities for a chosen type of educational, sports or professional activity, enriching students with diverse experiences, learning applied exercises and etc.

Basic gymnastics exercises in combination with the teacher’s words and musical accompaniment are an effective comprehensive means and method of developing personal qualities in students: a conscientious, deeply conscious and active attitude towards gymnastics, study, work and social activities.

The wide possibilities of using basic gymnastics for the purpose of harmonious physical and spiritual development of the individual have made it an independent means and method of physical education for all age categories of students. Therefore, it is the basis of state programs for the physical education of preschool and school age, students of secondary and higher specialized educational institutions, as well as middle-aged and elderly people. Systematic exercise in adulthood helps maintain high physical and mental performance for many years. At school, basic gymnastics is included in physical education lessons and is used in health groups and general physical training. During the classes, the entire arsenal of exercises included in it is used.

Women's gymnastics

Women's gymnastics takes into account the characteristics of the body and psychological make-up of women. When selecting exercises and methodological techniques, first of all the functions of motherhood are taken into account, therefore special attention is paid to the development of strength, speed, endurance of the muscles of the legs, pelvis, abdomen and back. The classes include all types of general developmental gymnastic exercises: floor exercises without apparatus and with apparatus, exercises on gymnastic wall, bench, etc. In classes with women, a large place is occupied by rhythmic gymnastics exercises, elements of ballroom and folk dances and music. Musical accompaniment of classes is provided Special attention. With the help of these exercises, coordination of movements, flexibility, smoothness, grace, and beauty of movements are developed, correct and beautiful posture is formed, health is improved, and physical and mental performance increases.

Gymnastics with a professional orientation

Gymnastics with a professional orientation combines exercises and methodological techniques, with the help of which it is possible in a timely manner, before the start of vocational training, to increase the functional capabilities of the body, study and develop motor and mental abilities, and cultivate the personal qualities necessary for those engaged in the chosen type of professional activity. Much attention is paid to the development of professional abilities and the formation of applied motor skills when practicing gymnastics in secondary and higher specialized institutions. Almost everything here physical training is of an applied nature, i.e. it is focused on developing the abilities that students need to successfully master their chosen type of work activity and achieve professional excellence in it.

Athletic gymnastics

Athletic gymnastics classes cause pronounced morphofunctional changes (mainly in the neuromuscular system): hypertrophy muscle fibers and increase physiological diameter muscles; increase in muscle mass, strength and strength endurance. These changes are mainly associated with a long-term increase in blood flow in working muscle groups as a result of repeated repetition of exercises, which improves the trophism (nutrition) of muscle tissue.

It must be emphasized that these changes do not contribute to increasing the reserve capabilities of the circulatory system and the aerobic productivity of the body. Moreover, as a result of a significant increase in muscle mass, the relative indicators of the most important functional systems worsen - vital index (VC per 1 kg of body weight) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 per 1 kg).

In addition, an increase in muscle mass is accompanied by an increase in the fat component, an increase in blood cholesterol and an increase in blood pressure, which creates favorable conditions for the formation of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

When observing 30-year-old men involved in athletic gymnastics for two years, an increase in blood pressure was noted on average from 121/70 to 130/78 mm Hg. Art. (and in 30% of them it was 140/80 mm Hg), a decrease in vital index (as a result of an increase in body weight) from 72 to 67 ml/kg, an increase in heart rate at rest from 71 to 74 beats/min (10 . M. Danko, 1974). When performing a functional stress test, the number of atypical reactions to stress increased from 2 to 16 (out of 30 examined), the pulse recovery time increased from 2.9 to 3.7 minutes. According to an electrocardiographic study, myocardial overstrain was detected in 12% of those involved.

In addition to an increase in muscle mass, these negative changes are also facilitated by high nervous tension and holding your breath when straining. At the same time, intrathoracic pressure sharply increases, blood flow to the heart, its size and stroke volume decrease; as a result, myocardial blood flow decreases and short-term myocardial ischemia develops. With prolonged overload, which often occurs in athletic gymnastics, these changes can become irreversible (especially in people over 40 years old). This is why building muscle mass should not be an end in itself.

For example, when combining exercises with weights with sports games, an increase in physical performance according to the PWC170 test was noted from 1106 to 1208 kgm/min, and with running training - up to 1407 kgm/min, whereas when practicing “pure” athleticism, such an effect was not observed (A. N. Mamytov, 1981).

When combining strength exercises with swimming and running (4 times a week - athletic gymnastics and 2 times - endurance training), along with a pronounced increase in strength and strength endurance, an increase in PWC170 test scores was noted from 1100 to 1300 kgm/min and MOC from 49.2 up to 53.2 ml/kg.

It is also necessary to take into account that strength exercises are accompanied by large changes in blood pressure associated with holding the breath and straining. During straining, as a result of decreased blood flow to the heart and cardiac output, systolic pressure drops sharply and diastolic pressure rises. Immediately after the end of the exercises, due to the active blood filling of the ventricles of the heart, the systolic pressure rises to 180 mm Hg. Art. or more, and the diastolic drops sharply.

These negative changes can be largely neutralized by changing the training method (working with weights no more than 50% of the maximum weight and lifting the projectile during the inhalation phase), which automatically eliminates holding your breath and straining. This technique was proposed by specialists in Bulgaria, where athletic gymnastics is widely used for health purposes.

It is necessary to take a critical look at the advisability of its use by middle-aged and elderly people (taking into account age-related changes - of cardio-vascular system and negative impact on risk factors). Athletic gymnastics, as already noted, can be recommended for healthy young people, provided that the training process is optimized and athletic exercises are combined with endurance training (running, etc.). People are more mature age can use only certain exercises of the athletic complex aimed at strengthening the main muscle groups (muscles shoulder girdle, backs, abdominals etc., as a supplement after endurance training in cyclic exercises.

3. Gymnastics in the program of the Olympic Games.

Artistic gymnastics is invariably included in the program of the Olympic Games, occupying one of the central places in it.

Is it true, gymnastics program The very first Games of modern times (1896) were somewhat different from the current Olympics. 18 gymnasts, representing 5 countries in Athens, competed in individual all-around events: not only in the usual exercises (with the exception of floor), but also in group exercises on parallel bars and horizontal bar and in rope climbing. The dominance of the founders of gymnastics - the Germans - in all types of programs was almost undivided.

The first absolute champion of the Olympic Games in artistic gymnastics was the Frenchman Gustave Sandra in 1900. The championship among teams and in individual all-around events was not competed for at the Paris Olympics.

At the 1904 Games, another unusual discipline appeared in the competition program among gymnasts: exercises with clubs. As you know, the overwhelming majority of participants in the St. Louis Olympics represented the United States. So the unconditional success of the Americans on the gymnastics platform was quite predictable.

At the next two Olympics there was no equal to the Italian Alberto Braglia. At the 1912 Games, he also added gold to his title of absolute champion, won as part of the Italian team in the team competition.

Competitions in certain types of all-around gymnastics reappeared in the Olympic program after the First World War - at the 1924 Games.

Four years later, women competed in the Olympic gymnastics tournament for the first time. True, the gymnasts again missed the next Olympics - and only in 1936 they began to participate in them constantly. It is noteworthy that the program of the 1936 Olympic tournament in women's gymnastics also included exercises on parallel bars. And at the 1948 Olympics, women performed mandatory ring exercises. At one time, the program of the Olympic tournament in women's gymnastics also included group exercises with various objects (mace, ball, etc.), which later became integral part rhythmic gymnastics. At the 1952 Games, a significant change was made to the competition formula in women's gymnastics: for the first time, athletes competed in the individual competition (on four apparatus). In its current form Olympic program in women's gymnastics was finally determined in 1960 (Men have been competing for awards according to the 6+1+1 scheme since 1936).

In the team competition in the history of Olympic gymnastics tournaments, there was and is no equal to the USSR women's team, which has risen to the highest step of the podium 10 times. Among men, the teams of the USSR and Japan won more often than others - 5 times each. The Italian men's team celebrated victory four times - although this was before the Second World War.

The title of absolute Olympic champion is considered the highest title in artistic gymnastics. The outstanding Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina achieved a unique achievement. Her collection includes 18 Olympic awards (of which 9 are gold: 6 received in personal and 3 in team competition). None of the Olympians have yet managed to repeat, or even surpass, this record. Czech gymnast Vera Caslavska (Odlozhikova) won 7 gold medals (all in the individual competition). The same amount of “gold” (as well as 5 silver and 3 bronze medals) in the collection of Nikolai Andrianov's awards. (Andrianov and Latynina are the two most titled athletes in the history of world gymnastics.) Another of our gymnasts, Alexander Dityatin, set another unique record at the 1980 Olympics, winning 8 out of 8 possible awards: in the team event, in the “absolute” and in individual all-around events (3 gold, 4 silver and 1 bronze medals).

Worthyly ended the “Soviet era” in Olympic gymnastics Vitaly Shcherbo: performing at the 1992 Games as part of the united team of the CIS countries, he won 6 gold medals.

Gymnastics in Russia

The original system of physical education, which has developed in Russia since ancient times, contained many various exercises gymnastic character. The ideas of comprehensive, including physical, education, which had a great influence on public opinion, were contained in the views of commander A.V. Suvorov (1799-1880), teacher K.D. Ushinsky (1824-1876). Gymnastics itself, as a means of physical education, was established only at the end of the 18th century, when in 1774, by order of Catherine II, it was included in the training program in the Sukhomlinsky cadet corps.

In the 30s XIX century gymnastics was introduced into the training of guard troops, and in the 50s. and the entire Russian army, into the programs of secondary educational institutions. In 1855, a gymnastics and fencing hall was opened in St. Petersburg, where officers, and anyone who wanted to, could practice gymnastics for a fee. The Military Department organized a number of courses (“cadres”) that trained gymnastics teachers for the army, who were given the right to teach it in educational institutions: gymnasiums and real schools.

Also in 1875, the Military Department sent an anatomist, doctor and teacher, Professor P.F. Lesgaft, known for his work in the field of physical education, to Western European countries to study the experience of teaching gymnastics. The result of the business trip was the development and justification of the domestic scientific system of gymnastics, its introduction into the practice of physical education.

In 1896, Lesgaft opened two-year courses for gymnastics leaders in St. Petersburg, on the basis of which in 1918 the Institute of Physical Culture was created, bearing his name.

The formation of artistic gymnastics in Russia is associated with the creation in the 70s. gymnastics societies. True, their organization was not immediately permitted. In 1863, the military governor-general of St. Petersburg, Count Suvorov (the namesake of the famous commander), turned to the Ministry of Internal Affairs with a request to approve the draft charter of the city gymnastics society. The minister did not dare to make a decision on his own and submitted the request to the Committee of Ministers, which expressed the following opinion on this issue: “... bearing in mind the examples of gymnastics societies in foreign lands that deviated from their original goal and turned in some places to clubs with very dangerous directions “The Committee believes that the petition for the establishment of a gymnastics society should be left without consequences.” The opinion of the dignitaries was reported to Tsar Alexander II, and on December 13, 1863, he imposed a resolution: “It’s reasonable, and I, for my part, do not allow them under any circumstances.”

This is the resolution for a long time was a bogeyman with the help of which all numerous requests for the organization of gymnastic societies were rejected.

However, artistic gymnastics still made its way into life and everyday life. In the German club “Palma”, founded in St. Petersburg in 1863, there was a gymnasts’ club. In 1870, the Germans living in patriarchal Moscow were allowed to organize the “Society of Gymnasts in Moscow,” which was popularly called “German.” True, being closed to persons of non-German origin, it did not leave noticeable traces of its activities.

By the end of the 70s. XIX century in Russian society there was a negative attitude towards everything German, and an initiative group of Muscovites led by the manager of one of the shipping companies O. Seletsky in 1881 was allowed to organize, in contrast to the German one, the “Russian Gymnastics Society”. Among its founders were the Chekhov brothers: Nikolai, a famous artist, and Anton, a future writer, as well as a journalist and writer, the first Russian sports reporter, Vladimir Gilyarovsky, who in the 90s. was even chairman of the society's council.

The formation of domestic artistic gymnastics is connected with the activities of the Russian Gymnastics Society. It was on December 16, 1885 that it held the first gymnast competition in Russia. True, only 11 people took part in them, but the winners - M. Kister and A. Teichman - were determined.

At the beginning of 1897, on the basis of the St. Petersburg circle of athletic enthusiasts, organized by the doctor V. Kraenvsky back in 1885, the “St. Petersburg Athletic Society” was founded. Already in April 1897, the Society held the first Russian championship, the program of which included competitions in weightlifting, gymnastics, wrestling, boxing, fencing, and later shooting. The Society apparently received the right to hold championships, and they became annual in 1897 and continued until 1915, because it came under the tutelage of the Tsar’s brother, “His Imperial Highness, Grand Duke” Vladimir Alexandrovich, and the chairman of its council was Count G. Ribopierre.

The first absolute champion of Russia in 1887 was St. Petersburg resident F. Krebs. Unfortunately, very little information has been preserved in the press about the Russian championships. However, the names of the champions of a number of years are known. These are: Inge, Dutzman, Sokolovsky, Potesta, Temminen, Waterkampf, Kara-Murza. In 1915, Kuzmin became the all-around champion. Then the competition was stopped due to the First World War.

Mainly St. Petersburg residents took part in the championships. Travel to St. Petersburg and back in a second-class carriage was paid only for those who received medals.

Funny incidents also happened at the championships. So in 1900, when one of the participants jumped off the crossbar, the floor collapsed. The participant was not injured, but the competition had to be stopped. In 1903, the administration of the hall, fearing that the floor would not hold up again, did not allow gymnasts to compete in vaults. As a sign of protest, they refused to participate in the competition.

By the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. Gymnastic societies are being created in many cities of Russia. A powerful impetus for their organization was the “Temporary Rules on Societies and Unions,” announced by the government in March 1890. According to them, local governors-general received the right to authorize the organization of gymnastics societies. The Sokol system of gymnastics is widespread. Sokol circles, thanks to the efforts of General V.N. Voeikov, appointed chief supervisor of physical education in Russia, are opened in almost all cities, in secondary and higher educational institutions. Their participants - “falcons” - in 1907 and 1912. participate in Sokol rallies in Prague, where gymnastics competitions were held.

In 1912, a team of Russian gymnasts - F. Zabelin, F. Yasnov, S. Kulikov, A. Akhun and P. Kushnikov - participated in the V Olympic Games in Stockholm (Sweden), but did not show good results.

In August 1913, the 1st Russian Olympics. The gymnasts competed in the team (only two teams participated) and individual championships. The team of the Main Officer Gymnastics and Fencing School, opened in 1909 in St. Petersburg, and its leader, K. Waterkampf, won.

In 1914, Russian athletes gathered in Riga for their second Olympics, but due to the outbreak of World War I, the Olympics were not completed.

Russian champions: brief biographical information

Alexey Nemov

Genus. 05/28/1976, Togliatti.

Honored Master of Sports. “Armed Forces”, Tolyatti.

An outstanding gymnast of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Absolute champion Olympic Games (2000), champion in the team championship (1996), vault (1996) and horizontal bar (2000); silver medalist in all-around (1996) and floor exercise (2000); bronze - in the team championship (2000), floor exercise (1996, 2000), pommel horse (1996), uneven bars (2000) and high bar (1996). World champion in floor exercise (1997, 1999), pommel horse (1999) and vault (1995, 1996); silver medalist in the team championship (1994, 1995) and in the uneven bars exercise (1996); bronze - in the team championship (1997), in the exercises on pommel horse (1996), uneven bars (1994) and horizontal bar (2003). European champion in the team championship (2000), floor exercise (1998, 2002) and uneven bars (1994); silver medalist in the team championship (1994, 1998, 2002). Absolute champion of Russia (1996). Champion of Russia in exercises on the pommel horse (1999, 2000) and horizontal bar (1995, 2000), winner of the Russian Cup in all-around (1993); silver medalist of the Russian Championship in floor exercises (2000), vault (2000), high bar exercises (2004) and the Russian All-Around Cup (2000; bronze medalist of the Russian All-Around Cup (2004).

Svetlana Khorkina

Genus. 01/19/1979, Belgorod.

Honored Master of Sports, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences. Trade unions, Belgorod.

An outstanding gymnast of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Olympic champion in parallel bars (1996, 2000); silver medalist in the all-around (2004), floor exercise (2000), and team championship (1996, 2000); bronze medalist in the team championship (2004). Three-time (which neither men nor women have ever achieved) absolute world champion (1997, 2001, 2003), five-time world champion in uneven bars (1995, 1996, 1997,1999, 2001), world champion in vault (2001); silver medalist in the all-around (1995), team championship (1997, 1999, 2001), vault (1994), uneven bars (1994), beam (1997), floor exercise (1997); bronze medalist in the team championship (1994) and floor exercise (1999, 2001). World record holder among men and women for the number of world medals – 20 (9+8+3). Three-time absolute European champion (1998, 2000, 2002) – repeating the achievement of N. Comaneci (Romania). European champion in the team championship (2000, 2002), six-time – a kind of record – European champion in the uneven bars (1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004), in the balance beam (2000) and in the floor exercise (1998) . Silver medalist in the team championship (1994, 1996, 1998), all-around (1994) and beam exercise (2002). Record holder of the European Championships for the number of medals won – 18 (13+5+0). Absolute champion Russia (1993, 1995, 1997, 2002). Russian champion in vault (1994), eight-time Russian champion in uneven bars (1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003) - a kind of record - five-time champion in balance beam (1993, 1995, 1996 , 2003, 2004), Russian champion in floor exercise (1994). Winner of the Russian Cup in all-around (1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004). Silver medalist in all-around (1994, 1996, 1999), vault (1993, 1995, 2001), Russian Cup all-around (1994, 1999, 2003); bronze medalist in vault (2003), floor exercise (1993, 1996, 1999), Russian Cup in all-around (1996, 2001).

Nikolay Andrianov

Genus. 10/14/1952, Vladimir.

Honored Master of Sports. “Burevestnik”, Vladimir.

Outstanding gymnast of the 70s. Winner of all the highest gymnastics titles. Absolute champion of the XXI Olympic Games (1976). Olympic champion in floor exercise (1972, 1976), ring exercise (1976), vault (1976, 1980), team championship (1980), silver medalist in team championship (1972, 1976), all-around (1980) ), in floor exercises (1980), in uneven bars exercises (1976), bronze medalist in pommel horse exercises (1976), in vault (1972), in high bar exercises (1980). A kind of record holder for the number of Olympic medals among all participants in the Olympic Games - men - 15 (7+5+3). Absolute world champion (1978). World champion in the team championship (1979), in the rings exercises (1974, 1978), silver medalist in the all-around (1974), in the team championship (1974,1978), on the pommel horse (1974), uneven bars (1974, 1978), vault jumping (1974, 1978, 1979). Absolute European champion (1975). European champion in floor exercise (1973, 1975), pommel horse (1971), uneven bars (1975), horizontal bar (1975), vault (1971, 1973, 1975), silver medalist in all-around (1973), pommel horse (1975), rings (1971, 1973), uneven bars (1971, 1973), bronze medalist in all-around (1971), floor exercise (1971). World Cup winner in all-around (1975, 1977), floor exercise (1977), rings (1977), uneven bars (1975, 1977), silver medalist in floor exercise (1975), pommel horse (1975), vault (1977) ). Absolute champion of the USSR (1972, 1973, 1974), winner of the USSR Cup in all-around (1972, 1974). USSR champion in floor exercise (1972, 1974, 1975), pommel horse (1974), uneven bars (1974), horizontal bar (1972, 1975), vault (1971); silver medalist in pommel horse (1972), rings (1972), uneven bars (1972) and vault (1972), bronze medalist in all-around (1979), USSR All-around Cup (1978), USSR champion in vault (1979) , exercises on uneven bars (1979).

Gymnastics in the Tambov region

TGPI (now TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin) made a great contribution to the development of gymnastics in the Tambov region.

At the end of December 1948, in Leningrad, at the USSR Gymnastics Championship, L. Tueva successfully performed as part of the RSFSR national team - second place after S. Poduzdova (later Muratova), a famous gymnast in the country. 14 union republics, the cities of Moscow and Leningrad took part in the competition.

In October 1949, the regional gymnastics team successfully performed at the republican competitions in Penza. It included students of the faculty: V. Gvozdev, E. Kunin, A. Rodionov, A. Mozgovoy, L. Tueva. In a stubborn struggle with their opponents, the Tambov region team took 2nd place. In the individual competition, the winner was the representative of TGPI V. Trukhin - 50 points out of 50 possible.

In May 1950, at the All-Union competitions in artistic and rhythmic gymnastics in Moscow, the team of the Tambov sports society "Bolshevik" consisting of V. Ermakov, A. Mozgovoy, V. Gvozdev, A. Rodionov, T. Antyufeeva took 3rd place. Tambov gymnasts beat strong competitors from Kharkov, Sverdlovsk, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Odessa, Gorky, Rostov-on-Don, Crimea, etc.

High skill was demonstrated at the TSPI physical education festival in the spring of 1950 by faculty gymnasts L. Tueva, V. Gvozdev, A. Mozgovoy, V. Skrebnev.

In the 50s, acrobatics began to develop at the Faculty of Physical Education. This is no small merit of Art. teacher A.F. Razumovsky. The traditions laid down by this wonderful teacher subsequently gave good results: Faculty students N. Makarov and Y. Gololobov became prize-winners of the national championship. For more than five years they remained the strongest acrobatic couple in the Soviet Union.

In 1950, student of the Faculty of Physical Education V. Ermakov became the champion of the Soviet Union in gymnastics among young men. For high sports results he was awarded a personal prize by the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports. After graduating from the faculty, Master of Sports Viktor Ermakov worked here as a teacher, then for more than 30 years he worked as a teacher in the Department of Physical Education at the Ryazan Radio Engineering Institute.

In April 1963, the regional gymnastics championship was held in the gym of the Dynamo society. Faculty student A. Krasnoshchek became the regional champion among first-class students. Among the women, Yu. Gorelkina was the strongest.

In May 1963, as part of the regional national team, V. Gvozdev, L. Nikanorov, A. Krasnoshchek, A. Muller, Yu. Gorelkina-Ovchinnikova, N. Sivokonyuk went to zonal competitions in Saratov. The team took 6th place.

In April 1971, in the Tambov championship in artistic gymnastics among men's teams, the boys of the Faculty of Physical Education took 1st place. In the individual competition, the champions of the city were: according to the CCM program - V. Lemyagov. Among the first-class students, A. Sychev was the best.

List of sources used

1. Gymnastics. Edited by A.T. Brykin. M., 1971
2. Skorokhodov N.M., Sychev A.V., Kunin E.I. Faculty of Physical Education. Pages of history. Tambov, 1997
3. Shakhlin B.A. My gymnastics. M., 1973
4. In the country of Olympia. Ed. – L. Barykina. M., 1974
5. Latynina L.S. Equilibrium. M., 1975
6. Golubev V.L. Lyudmila Turishcheva. M., 1977
7. Latynina L.S. Gymnastics through the years. M., 1977
8. Nikolai Andrianov. Compiled by V.L. Golubev. (Series “Heroes of the Olympic Games”) M., 1978
9. Pashinin V.A. Victory path. (About V. Chukarin) M., 1978
10. Titov Yu.E. The Rise: Gymnastics at the Olympics. M., 1978
11. Voronin M.Ya. First number. M., 1980
12. Gymnastics: Directory. Compound. Yu. Sabirov, Ya. Fradkov. M., 1980
13. Olympic Encyclopedia. Ed. S.P. Pavlova. M., 1980
14. Kuznetsov B.A. Artistic gymnastics in the USSR. M., 1982
15. Titov Yu.E. Notes from the President. (About the International Gymnastics Federation). M., 1983
16. Kim N.V. Happy platform. M., 1985
17. Turishcheva L.I. My life is gymnastics. M., 1986
18. Rostorotsky V.S. Gymnastics is worthy of anthems. M., 1987
19. Andrianov N.E. I'm looking for my path. Literary entry by S.P.Shachin. M., 1988
20. Korbut O.V. Once upon a time there was a girl... M., 1988
21. Rules sports games and competitions. Illustrated encyclopedic reference book. Per. from English Minsk, 1998
22. Popova E.G. General developmental exercises in gymnastics. M., 2000
23. Atlanta. A collection of essays about Russian sports heroes. (Essay about L. Latynina) Composition. A.L. Yusin. M., 2001
24. Zhuravin M.L., Menshikova N.K. Gymnastics. Textbook for university students. M., 2001
25. Samin D.K. The most famous athletes Russia. (Articles about V. Chukarin, B. Shakhlin, L. Latynina, L. Turishcheva, O. Korbut, N. Andrianov) M., 2001
26. Gaverdovsky Yu.K. Technique of gymnastic exercises. Popular tutorial. M., 2002

Abstract on the topic “Gymnastics as a sport” updated: July 31, 2017 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

Gymnastics is a sport, as well as a part of physical education, divided into artistic, sports, team, aerobic, aesthetic and acrobatic gymnastics. To improve health, they perform morning gymnastics exercises, conduct physical education sessions in schools during breaks, elements of this sport are included in the physical education program, and sometimes gymnastic exercises are performed to treat various diseases during classes physical therapy(physical therapy). Develops endurance, coordination, trains balance, strength, flexibility, and provides performance skills difficult exercises. This essay will answer questions about this sport.

Kinds

Story

Antiquity and Middle Ages

Gymnastics as a sport originated in Ancient Greece, and the origin of this term (gymnazo) is also Greek - translated it can mean “to train, to teach.” The athletes practiced without clothes, so according to the second version, the origin is from the word “gymnos” - “naked”. Homer, Aristotle, and Plato described gymnastics in their writings. These ancient authors pointed out the beneficial influence of sport on the education of children and youth.

Some gymnastic equipment, such as the horse, existed in ancient times. They did gymnastic exercises on horseback to help them master horse riding. In ancient times, gymnastics was also used for medicinal purposes in India and China, but there they turned into spiritual practices, peculiar pagan religions (for example, yoga) and therefore did not have such widespread popularity as in Greece and Rome, where gymnastics was simply training for warriors.

Olympic competitions were held for 1168 years (776 BC - 392 AD), including wrestling, javelin throwing, discus throwing, long jump, running, fist fighting, chariot riding. The main purpose of these games was military training of young men. They ran with a shield, jumped with dumbbells, wrestling turned into boxing, and fist fighting took place with the help of hard leather rather than softening armbands. In 393, gymnastics was banned because it continued to have a pagan basis and was bad for the moral education of young people.

In the Middle Ages there was no gymnastics as such, but the military training of knights undoubtedly included gymnastic elements. For example, the Templars were forbidden to retreat, even if the opponents were three times outnumbered - so training included stretching, resourcefulness and acrobatic elements in order to survive in an unequal battle.

In the late Middle Ages, there were attempts to revive the ancient experience of gymnastic exercises, for example, Hieronymus Mercualis, at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, wrote an essay on the topic “On the Art of Gymnastics.” The issues of physical education of children were dealt with by the Swiss teachers Pestalozzi (1746 - 1827) and the Czech Jan Amos Kamensky (1592 - 1670), who repeatedly touched upon this topic. Already at this time, a set of vaulting exercises was born - on a horse, a table, climbing a wall, a pole, balance exercises on a deck, a rope.

Gymnastics was well developed among traveling circus performers, but precisely because of this, it was not accepted by high society and was considered the lot of common people. But with the development of equality in society, everything soon changed, as the essay in the next section will show.

Revival of sports

At the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries in Germany, philanthropists were theoretically developing sports theme, gymnastics appeared as a separate subject, I. Guts-Muts and G. Fit wrote an abstract on this topic. Teacher F.L. Jan (1778 - 1852) developed the German gymnastic system “Turnen”, which included exercises on the pommel horse, uneven bars, rings and horizontal bar. In 1811, F. Jan opened a gymnastics school with apparatus near Berlin, and in 1816 he published a book on this topic called “German Gymnastics” with examples of exercises and methodological recommendations.

Other national gymnastic systems were created - the French by F. Amoros, the Swedish by P. Ling, the Czech (Sokol) by M. Tyrshem. In 1817, the students of F. Amoros held the first gymnastic competitions in Paris. The Swedish system was based on floor exercises, the German one gave preference to apparatus. Numerous attempts to revive the Olympic Games ended in 1896 with their revival, gymnastics was included in these games as separate species sports, to this day this is the most spectacular part of this event.

All current apparatuses were immediately included in the program, only floor exercises were included in the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles. Other ancient types of gymnastics - javelin throwing, shot throwing, jumping, running - became separate disciplines. Women have been performing since 1928, and the program finally took its modern form at the XI Games in Berlin, 1936.

International organizations

In 1881, three countries - Holland, Belgium and France - created the FEG - the European Gymnastics Federation. The ideological inspirer, founder and president was the Belgian Nicholas Couperus.

In 1921, this organization became the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), which to this day combines artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, acrobatics, sports aerobics and trampolining. The federation includes 125 countries, the association has 30,000,000 athletes and almost 3,000 permanent participants international competitions. Since 1995, an aerobics department has also been created in the gymnastics federation, in Russian Federation There is a Federation and Association of Sports Aerobics of Russia.

In 1982, the European Gymnastics Union was founded, which today includes 46 countries; it holds European Championships independently of the international organization. In the future, the abstract will tell about recreational types of sports.

Health activities

Health-improving types of gymnastics develop the musculoskeletal system, reaction, mobility, flexibility, strength, and improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system:

Gymnastics in Russia

In 1774, Catherine the Second ordered gymnastics to be taught to the cadets of the Sukhomlinsky corps. At the beginning of the 19th century, guardsmen were trained in this discipline, and by the middle of this century, everyone in the army was required to teach elements of gymnastics. In 1855, a paid gymnastics and fencing hall was opened in St. Petersburg, and officers studied for free. At the end of the 19th century, Professor P.F. Lesgaft created a theoretical basis for the introduction of gymnastics into physical education; on the basis of his courses, a modern institute of physical education was created in 1918.

In 1863, there was a German gymnastics society in St. Petersburg, into which Russians were prohibited from joining, as the authorities were afraid of closed circles that could become political. However, in 1881, the Russian Gymnastic Society appeared, which held the first gymnastic competitions in 1885, eleven people took part.

In 1897, the St. Petersburg Athletic Society was organized, and in the same year competitions were held, which continued until 1915. Similar societies appeared throughout Russia, for example the Sokol circles, which took part in competitions in Prague in 1907 and 1912. Also in 1912 Russian team gymnasts took part in the Stockholm V olympic games, but actually to no avail. In 1913, the Russian Olympics took place in Kyiv.

In the USSR, gymnastics was extremely developed, there are many publications on this topic, but just look at the facts - the women's team at the Olympics was first a record 10 times, and the men's team five times. Larisa Latynina won 18 Olympic medals, of which 9 are gold. Nikolai Andrianov won 15 medals at the Olympics, 7 of them gold. And in 1980, gymnast Alexander Dityatin won eight medals out of a possible eight, including 3 gold. In 1992, Vitaly Shcherbo (CIS team) won 6 gold medals.

This essay is a small piece of information about such an interesting and extreme discipline.

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra (Tyumen Region)

Raduzhny city

Project work for school

scientific and practical conference

"First steps into science"

Rhythmic gymnastics is the embodiment of aesthetics, grace and beauty

Soloninka Liliya Bogdanovna, primary teacher

classes of I qualification category

Municipal budgetary general education

institution

Average comprehensive school №8

Raduzhny

year 2014

Introduction.

Main part.

Why did I choose rhythmic gymnastics?

Practical part.

Fromorigins before the Olympic Games.

Conditions for gymnastics in my city.

1. Information from the archives of the Fakel Youth Sports School.

4. Attitudes of peers towards sports. Questioning.

5. Positive and negative aspects of gymnastics.

5.1. Gymnastics is an activity for young people.

Final part.

Bibliography.

Application.

Introduction.

Gymnastics... What perfection...

Mastery of the body, trepidation of the soul,

And the beauty of the flowing gesture,

And elements of difficult turns!

Until you sigh, all movements are perfected.

She herself is sweet, transparent and light;

But how much perseverance and aspiration she has,

And liveliness, and strength, and sparkle!

Popular wisdom says: “In a healthy body - healthy mind". Sports, both professional and amateur, are developing very actively in our country. To organize active recreation and healthy image lives are offered various ways and funds. I take an active position in this issue. Watching how my classmates have a hard time waking up in the morning, often being late for the first lesson, having difficulty getting involved in work, yawning, being lazy, I consider it necessary to involve as many children as possible in different kinds sports.I decided to dedicate my creative project on physical education to the most elegant and spectacular sport - rhythmic gymnastics. From my mentors, I heard a lot about the beauty and perfection of this sport and that rhythmic gymnastics promotes the development of flexibility, dexterity, coordination of movements, and a sense of rhythm. But I would like to delve a little deeper into the history of the origins of this sport, collect information about the features of gymnasts’ equipment,explore the impact of gymnastics on students, dprove that the physical self-recoverynutrition and self-improvement –condition for a healthy lifestyle.

Relevance This topic is dictated by our reality.A healthy lifestyle is a guarantee of success, Have a good mood, and most importantly – longevity!

Purpose of the study : Study rhythmic gymnastics as a sport,collect information about the history of rhythmic gymnastics, information fromarchiveChildren's and Youth Sports School "Fakel"about the features of gymnasts’ equipment,explore attitudes towards sports and the influence of gymnastics on students,prove that physical self-education and self-improvement are conditions for a healthy lifestyle.
Tasks:

create the need for a healthy lifestyle;

form an image of yourself;

develop motivation for gymnastics;

develop strong-willed qualities.

An object : gymnastics.

Project product: demonstration performance.

Subject of study: students’ ideas about rhythmic gymnastics and their attitude towards it.

Methods and techniques:

study of Internet resources, specialized literature, archives of the Fakel Youth Sports School;

questioning and processing of results;

modeling the situation of your future;

preparing a program for video presentation and speech;

Work plan:

I stage - preparatory (September-October 2013)

II stage - main (November-December 2013)

Stage III - final (January 2014)

Project implementation tasks:

Stage I:

get acquainted with the literature on this topic;

conduct a survey to identify attitudes towards sports;

selection of problems on this topic.

I I stage:

study archival materials of the Fakel Youth Sports School;

find out the “pros” and “cons” of gymnastics;

simulate the situation of your future;

conduct a conversation for students primary school on the topic “A healthy mind in a healthy body.”

I II stage:

collect photo and video material to create a presentation;

prepare a demonstration performance.

Perspective. It is interesting to study the issue of Olympic reserve schools in Russia.

Main part.

1. Why did I choose rhythmic gymnastics?

Rhythmic gymnastics is considered one of the most beautiful sports. But, like any athlete, for gymnasts it’s hard and dedicated work. For the 4th year now I have been spending several hours every day inAUDOD YOUTH "Torch". I won’t lie, often after such training my back hurts, my muscles ache, my fingers can’t feel the object, and I still have school homework waiting for me at home. At first, tired of the constant control from parents and teachers, and the demands of the coach, I tried to quit. I really wanted to eat plenty of cakes, lie in front of the TV, play on the computer or go for a walk with my girlfriends. But, thanks to my mother’s persistence, I soon got used to it, noticed positive changes in my posture, realized that in many ways I had achieved more than my peers, and felt the taste of victory. Last year I was awarded the 1st youth rank. I wanted to achieve more, to become more perfect.

Practical part.

2. From inception to the Olympic Games.

I was interested in the meaning of the word “gymnastics”. From Wikipedia I learned that the word “gymnos” is of Greek origin and means “naked.” In ancient Greece, every young man had to exercise to improve his body. exercise, and in the nude.

Rhythmic gymnastics is an exclusively female sport, but despite this, it has many fans. It combines arts such as dance and music.

Scrolling through the pages of the Internet, I learned that the founders of modern rhythmic gymnastics were the 4 Ds. This is: FrancoisDelsarte - French theorist of stage gesture, author of the expression “poetry of the body.” Thanks to him there wasAesthetic gymnastics .

Authorrhythmic gymnastics – Emile JacquesDalcroze, a teacher of music and singing from Geneva, used it in preparation for playing a musical instrument.

French physiologist GeorgesDemeny , createddance gymnastics, helping to improve posture, gain flexibility and dexterity, smoothness and grace of gait.

Dancer IsadoraDuncan , her dances are based on movementsfree plastic surgery , where sports and art are mixed, reminiscent of modern rhythmic gymnastics.

It was the fusion of these 4 areas that contributed to the emergence of this wonderful sport. In Russia it appeared at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries as a way of expressing movement, and became Olympic.

The first rhythmic gymnastics championship was organized in the Soviet Union in April 1941 in Leningrad. Unfortunately, in the 40s the development Soviet sports stopped due to the Great Patriotic War. And only in 1949 did the USSR championships begin to be held annually, and from 1965 - competitions for the USSR Cup in rhythmic gymnastics. The year 1954 is famous for the first masters of sports. Gymnasts travel to Germany, Belgium, France, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia for demonstration performances. After which, in 1963, rhythmic gymnastics was recognized International Federation gymnasticssport , and since 1984 –Olympic kind of sport.

Conclusions: Thus, Russia is rightfully considered the birthplace of rhythmic gymnastics. The following stages can be distinguished in the history of its development:

from 1917 to 1945 – birth as a means of physical development of girls;

from 1948 to 1954 – the formation of rhythmic gymnastics as a sport;

from 1955 to 1983 – improving the scientific and methodological basis of the Soviet school of rhythmic gymnastics and its entry into the international arena;

from 1984 to 1992 – entry into the Olympic arena;

since 1992 - development of gymnastics in independent states.

3. Conditions for doing gymnastics in my city.

The young rainbow girls are lucky. In our small town there has been a rhythmic gymnastics section for more than 18 years, and in 2005 the Fakel children's and youth sports school was built.

My mentor is a master of sports in rhythmic gymnastics, Count Tatyana Alekseevna, a coach of the highest category, who has been working at a sports school for more than 15 years, and over the years has trained 3 candidates for master of sports and 15 holders of the 1st adult and 1st youth categories in rhythmic gymnastics. gymnastics Tatyana Alekseevna also has a choreographic education, so all the compositions of her students are distinguished by special harmony, consistency and plasticity of movements.

3.1. Information from the archives of the Fakel Youth Sports School.

At the rhythmic gymnastics department sports school“Fakel” is attended by 85 pupils. The pride of the school, its graduates - candidates for master of sports -Krutiy Alina, Sharapova Yulia,Bazhenko Katya (student of MBOU secondary school No. 8), holders of the 1st adult category - Rekoryan Tatyana, Golovchits Yulia, Yamaleeva Alsou, Klochkova Victoria, Tishchenko Victoria (student of MBOU secondary school No. 8). (Application)

It is pleasant to note that Alina Valerievna Krutiy, having graduated from the Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports in Omsk, is currently engaged in coaching at this sports school. (Application).

Every year children are recruited to the Fakel Children's Sports School, therefore, from year to year, young Rainbow girls have the opportunity to join in the beauty.

4. Attitudes of peers towards sports. Survey results.

In order to introduce me to sports and identify attitudes towards physical education lessons, a conversation was held among my classmates on the topic: “A healthy mind in a healthy body!”, as well as a questionnaire. (Application)

To the question “Do you like physical education lessons?” all 24 students answered positively.True, in sports sections only 66 are involved% of students.

To the question - “Why do you choose sports?”

- “To be healthy” – answered 64% of students,

- “Be strong” – 64% and “Be beautiful” – 32%students.

Of all the sports they prefer:

Swimming 24%, Gymnastics 20%, Football 16%, Basketball 16%, Karate 12%, Hockey 12%.

Conclusion: In my class, 100% choose sports!

5. Positive and negative aspects of gymnastics. 5.1. Gymnastics is an activity for young people.

As with any sport, rhythmic gymnastics has its pros and cons. The main qualities of a gymnast are not only willpower, endurance, but also plasticity. Therefore, it is advisable to start gymnastics classes at the age of 4-5, as the child’s body is more receptive to the development of flexibility, coordination and speed of movement. And, as a rule, by the age of 16, many athletes give up gymnastics and move on to sports ballet, fitness or aerobics. Only a few gymnasts continue sports career up to 20-25 years.

5.2. Aesthetic perfection of "artists".

XRhythmic gymnastics teaches you to observe the rules of aesthetic behavior, forms concepts about the beauty of the body, cultivates taste and musicality. Hours of training develop flexibility, agility, endurance, discipline the athlete, improve her body, teach her to control it beautifully and move gracefully, strengthen her sense of self-confidence, which is very important in modern world. Musical accompaniment develops hearing, a sense of rhythm, and coordination of movements with the music. Elements of dance not only broaden the general horizons of girls, introduce them to folk art, but also awaken in them a love for the art of their people and the peoples of the world. They contribute to the development of coordination of movements, sense of rhythm, danceability and liberation, emotionality and improvementmotor qualities.ByCompared to artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics is a more accessible and safe sport, but very high demands are placed on the appearance of female athletes.

When performing a gymnastic dance, the “artist” must lookspectacular. The hair is put in a tight bun, secured with hairpins and fixed with hairspray so that the hairstyle does not fall apart during the performance. An important attribute of every gymnast is a beautiful, bright leotard, embroidered with rhinestones for greater brightness and attractiveness. Only half-slippers are on the feet.

5.3. The influence of rhythmic gymnastics on health.

According to doctors, rhythmic gymnastics has a positive effect on health. After all, the pulse rate of gymnasts is 2 times higher than the pulse rate of a sitting person. Therefore, cardiovascular and respiratory system actively work and develop, immunity is strengthened.

However, as with any sport, injuries are possible. Most often injured lower limbs, namely the knee and ankle joints. This involves a lot of difficult jumps.

Bruises and abrasions are constant “guests” on my body.

And yet, I say to rhythmic gymnastics - YES, I choose this sport, and with it - harmony and beauty!

Conclusion.

When working on the project, my parents and I tried to simulate the situation of my future: with and without gymnastics (Appendix)

Gymnasts always have a beautiful, proud posture, beautiful figure, plastic, beautiful movements. But this is very important both for girls and for the women they will grow up to be. A girl who has been involved in rhythmic gymnastics will be able to easily move on to dancing, aerobics, and coaching in the future. And in rhythmic gymnastics, children acquire a unique ability to present themselves, as, probably, in all spectator sports. A smile, a turn of the shoulders, a tilt of the head, every gesture - everything here is verified, beautiful, confident. And, even if the girl does not follow the path of competition and fame, these skills will remain with her for the rest of her life, and this, you see, is also a lot.

Literature:

1. Kulagina E. "Physical education for children from 2 to 9 years old." – Moscow: Astrel: AST.2010.

2. Literature edited by Studenikin N.Ya. "Pediatrician's Handbook". Publishing house "Medicine". Moscow, 1996 -624s.

3. Spock B. "Child and caring for him", translation from English by Dubrovsky A.V. - Minsk: "Medley" - 2008 - 669 p.

4. Fourny D., Fradette B., Gunel J. "Sports. Large illustrated encyclopedia." - Moscow: Astrel: AST.2003 - 371 p.

Archive of Children's Youth School in Raduzhny Annex 1.

Questioning.

1. Do you like physical education lessons?

Not really

Are you involved in a sports section?

Not really

Why do you choose sports?

a) to be healthy

b) to be strong

c) to be beautiful

4. What sport do you prefer?

Appendix 2

Rhythmic gymnastics is the embodiment of aesthetics, grace and beauty Project author: Victoria Kucherova, Project author: Victoria Kucherova, 2nd grade student, 2nd grade student Scientific supervisor: Soloninka L.B. teacher primary classes, primary school teacher, I quarter category I quarter category

Project goals: Project product - demonstration performance to study rhythmic gymnastics as a sport Relevance of the project: A healthy lifestyle is a guarantee of success, good mood and the main thing is longevity! prove that physical self-improvement is a condition for a healthy lifestyle

Project work plan: II main stage (November-December 2013) II main stage (November-December 2013) I preparatory stage (September-October 2013) I preparatory stage (September-October 2013) III final stage (January 2014) III stage final (January 2014)

Tasks for the implementation of the project: Stage I: get acquainted with the literature on this topic; conduct a survey to identify attitudes towards sports; selection of problems on this topic. Stage I: get acquainted with the literature on this topic; conduct a survey to identify attitudes towards sports; selection of problems on this topic.

Tasks for the implementation of the project: Stage II: study the archival materials of the Fakel Youth Sports School; find out the “pros” and “cons” of gymnastics; conduct a conversation for elementary school students on the topic “A healthy mind in a healthy body”; simulate the situation of your future. Stage II: study the archival materials of the Fakel Youth Sports School; find out the “pros” and “cons” of gymnastics; conduct a conversation for elementary school students on the topic “A healthy mind in a healthy body”; simulate the situation of your future.

Rhythmic kimnastics rhythmic kimnastics aesthetic kimnastics dance kimnastics free plastic aesthetic kimnastics rhythmic kimnastics dance kimnastics free plastic aesthetic kimnastics rhythmic kimnastics dance kimnastics free plastic

Stages of development of rhythmic gymnastics: From 1948 to 1954. – its formation as a sport; 1917 to 1945 – birth, as a means of physical development of girls; From 1955 to 1983 – improvement and entry into the international arena; From 1984 to 1992 – entry into the Olympic arena; Since 1992 - the development of gymnastics in independent states.